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Etudes de consommateurs en microfinance : journaux, enquêtes, et expériences
No full textLa thèse comporte sept chapitres. Nous présentons, dans le premier chapitre, une étude qui montre les traits particuliers des pauvres et la façon dont ils perçoivent leur propre pauvreté. Le second chapitre est consacré à une revue de la littérature sur l'utilisation d'agenda de gestion du temps comme outil de collecte de données en recherche qualitative. Le troisième chapitre propose une version modifiée du "modèle de portefeuille économique du ménage” (HEP) de Chen et Dunn (1996). Le modèle modifié (M-HEP) permet une évaluation non expérimentale de 1’impact de la microfinance. Nous l’avons mis en place via la collecte d’informations simples auto-déclarées sur 1’utilisation quotidienne du temps et de l’argent auprès d'un échantillon de femmes pauvres du Caire (Egypte). Le quatrième chapitre propose une étude testant ce modèle (M-HEP) auprès de personnes en situation de handicap. Le cinquième chapitre s'attache à une étude qui souligne une limite des journaux combinés "non stylisés" ou "non-directifs". Le sixième chapitre expose l’utilisation de jeux expérimentaux sur un échantillon de population du Caire en comparant le comportement des clients de la microfinance à celui de non-clients. Le dernier chapitre expose une étude d’évaluation d’impact de la microfinance sur le genre au Mali, utilisant une méthode quasi-expérimentale. Enfin, en guise de conclusion, nous préconisons 1’utilisation du modèle M-HEP dans l’étude de l’évaluation de I’impact de la microfinance. Nous avons effectué’ une étude comparative des trois méthodes utilisées dans la thèse à savoir la méthode qualitative non-expérimentale et les méthodes quantitatives expérimentales et quasi-expérimentales.The thesis is built on seven chapters. In chapter 1, we explore the views on poverty of a sample of poor women. In chapter 2, we review the literature on the use of time-diary in research. Chapter 3 develops and investigates the diary method as a qualitative non-experimental impact evaluation tool. For this objective, we study "the household economic portfolio model (HEP)“ a comprehensive impact evaluation model designed by Chen and Dunn (1996) that overcomes the obstacle of fungibility of money. We propose a modified version (M-HEP), a simplified framework for non- experimental evaluation of impact with clear assessment units and efficient measurement tools. The collection of simple self-reported information on the daily use of time and money is suggested for implementing the model. We test our proposition with a case study from Cairo. In chapter 4, we provide another test of the combined diaries through a case study on two poor single mothers one of whom is handicapped. In chapter 5, we present a fina1 example on the combined diary of a poor woman. The study highlights one limitation in the non-stylized combined diary approach. In chapter 6, we use experimental games in Cairo to study two aspects of behavioral microfinance by comparing microfinance clients to non-clients. In chapter 7, we present an impact evaluation study on microfinance in Mali, using the quasi-experimental statistical technique. Finally, we conclude the thesis suggesting applications of the M-HEP, and comparing the three methods used in the thesis. This comparisons aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods when used for evaluating microfinance impact
Joint use of poverty scoring and credit scoring: advantages and limitations of a new technique for socially oriented and sustainability-minded microfinance institutions
Get PDFFinancial institutions face adverse selection, in which risky borrowers are more likely to seek and take up loans. When interest rates increase, adverse selection rises, often disproportionately. Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), which generally operate with higher interest rates, are more exposed to adverse selection. Thorough credit analysis, collateral, credit reporting, and the imminence of legal or social pressure reduce adverse selection.
When interest rates drop due to subsidies or operational efficiencies, non-poor individuals seek microloans, particularly when banks deny or cap their credits. This demand for larger loans can tempt MFIs, especially when they are pressured to increase loan volumes while controlling costs. When MFIs seek to accommodate those who should not need microloans, they face a different form of adverse selection specific to microfinance. The significant presence of wealthier borrowers can damage an MFI’s reputation. If such borrowers pose a greater-than-expected credit risk, because lenders might equate wealth with creditworthiness, wealthier borrowers can undermine the financial sustainability of the MFI.
Financial institutions, including MFIs, can use credit scoring to mitigate the first type of adverse selection. Credit scoring helps identify risky borrowers, allowing institutions to reject high-risk applications, price loans based on credit risk, and adjust the required guarantees.
To address the second type of adverse selection, MFIs can use poverty scoring. Similar to credit scoring, poverty scoring identifies loan applicants with a high probability of experiencing poverty. This technique allows MFIs to remain focused on their mission of serving the poor.
This thesis is the first to examine the joint use of credit scoring and poverty scoring in microfinance. It reveals the non-linear relationship between poverty and credit risk, showing that double bottom-line MFIs experiencing both types of adverse selection must use the joint technique to remain sustainable and focussed on financially excluded clients
Work-sharing from Different Angles: A literature review
No full textCould work-sharing solves the problems of unemployment, inequality and global warming, and yet produce a happier world? This literature review takes a multidisciplinary view of the problem. We find that theoretically work-sharing can do all these things, but the existing evidence of its performance is debatable and there are hesitations from industry to implement it. We recommend a global initiative, riding on the sustainable development wave, with an appealing narrative to create a just distribution in today's world.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
An introduction to slow money and its Gandhian roots
No full textSlow money, or patient nurturing capital invested locally in food and basic industries, is a new term but an old notion. This paper examines the cases of the CIGALES clubs of microangels in France and the more recent case of the slow money alliance to ferret out the basic principles and strategies of these movements. It also examines why microcredit, tontines and pawn shops usually fail to qualify for these principles.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Business Cooperatives as a social response to unemployment
No full textType of paper :Exploratory, descriptive, case studyObjectives: In the wake of the global crisis, the role of the financial markets is being questioned and new forms of social innovations focusing on stakeholder governance and cooperation are being experimented. This paper looks into one such social innovation.Design/ Methodology :This is a case study on a social innovation where the institutions are being transformed to introduce new legal forms. This is a cooperative of entrepreneurs where the entrepreneurs are salaried employees. The research is being based on a review of laws and regulation, literature review supplemented with exploratory interviews of such entrepreneurs.Key results: The paper finds out differences between these cooperatives and concepts such as nurseries and incubators. It explains the process of evolution of these cooperatives. It points out the limitations of the regulatory regime.Value: The financing of microentrepreneurs without subsidies is a problematic issue. Over-reliance on Microcredit places stress. The sharing of expenses and cost reduction leads to lower needs for microcredit. It also provides the microentrepreneurs a new form of governance and opportunities for networking, developing citizenship and social wellbeing.Impact: If adopted in other parts of the (developed) world, such cooperatives could help overcome downside risk, loss aversion, isolation and poverty traps of unemployment benefits.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
It is time to seriously consider the advantages of a world federal government
No full textThe Covid-19 pandemic is a global crisis, yet it has largely been managed by states acting independently. Arvind Ashta argues that in light of the pandemic, we should seriously consider the potential advantages of moving toward a world federal government. In a previous EUROPP article written during the first wave of the pandemic in Europe, ... Continue
Microfinance and Microentrepreneurship: Case studies in social innovation
Get PDFThe paper presents a social innovation as an innovative business model with new social relations and indicates a few short cases to indicate how a social problem was addressed by a social innovation by entrepreneurial actions by microfinance service providers. The cases are from microcredit, microguarantee, microinsurance and microequity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Who pays for Covid-19? assessing seven potential options
No full textThe Covid-19 pandemic has motivated huge levels of spending from governments across the world. But once the pandemic is over, how will these measures be paid for? Arvind Ashta assesses the feasibility of seven potential options
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