1,721,067 research outputs found
Pinwheel stability in a non-Euclidean model of pattern formation in the visual cortex
No full textThe structure of neural maps in the primary visual cortex arises from the problem of representing a high-dimensional stimulus manifold on an essentially two-dimensional piece of cortical tissue. In order to treat the problem theoretically, stimuli are usually represented by a set of features, such as centroid position, orientation, spatial frequency, phase etc. Inputs to the cortex are, however, activity distributions over afferent nerve fibers; i.e., they require, in principle, a description as high-dimensional vectors. We study the relation between high-dimensional maps, which can be assumed to rely on a Euclidean geometry, and low-dimensional feature maps, which need to be formulated in Riemannian space in order to represent high-dimensional maps to a good accuracy. We show numerically that the Riemannian framework allows for a suggestive explanation of the abundance of typical structural units ("pinwheels") in feature maps emerging in the course of the adaptation process from an initially unstructured state
Pinwheel stability in a non-Euclidean model of pattern formation in the visual cortex
No full textThe structure of neural maps in the primary visual cortex arises from the problem of representing a high-dimensional stimulus manifold on an essentially two-dimensional piece of cortical tissue. In order to treat the problem theoretically, stimuli are usually represented by a set of features, such as centroid position, orientation, spatial frequency, phase etc. Inputs to the cortex are, however, activity distributions over afferent nerve fibers; i.e., they require, in principle, a description as high-dimensional vectors. We study the relation between high-dimensional maps, which can be assumed to rely on a Euclidean geometry, and low-dimensional feature maps, which need to be formulated in Riemannian space in order to represent high-dimensional maps to a good accuracy. We show numerically that the Riemannian framework allows for a suggestive explanation of the abundance of typical structural units ("pinwheels") in feature maps emerging in the course of the adaptation process from an initially unstructured state
Emergence of Intelligence Based on Physical Embodiment
Full text linkこの論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました
Cognitive Robotics
Full text linkThe current state of the art in cognitive robotics, covering the challenges of building AI-powered intelligent robots inspired by natural cognitive systems. A novel approach to building AI-powered intelligent robots takes inspiration from the way natural cognitive systems—in humans, animals, and biological systems—develop intelligence by exploiting the full power of interactions between body and brain, the physical and social environment in which they live, and phylogenetic, developmental, and learning dynamics. This volume reports on the current state of the art in cognitive robotics, offering the first comprehensive coverage of building robots inspired by natural cognitive systems. Contributors first provide a systematic definition of cognitive robotics and a history of developments in the field. They describe in detail five main approaches: developmental, neuro, evolutionary, swarm, and soft robotics. They go on to consider methodologies and concepts, treating topics that include commonly used cognitive robotics platforms and robot simulators, biomimetic skin as an example of a hardware-based approach, machine-learning methods, and cognitive architecture. Finally, they cover the behavioral and cognitive capabilities of a variety of models, experiments, and applications, looking at issues that range from intrinsic motivation and perception to robot consciousness. Cognitive Robotics is aimed at an interdisciplinary audience, balancing technical details and examples for the computational reader with theoretical and experimental findings for the empirical scientist
<Note>The Armada and the Attitude of the English Government
No full text一六世紀英国史研究がいかに殷賑をきわめたかは人も知るところである。農村毛織物工業の成長、ジェントリーの興隆、そしてまたかずかずのエリザベス治世に対する評価と、いろいろな角度からする研究がこれまでなされてきた。しかし、アルマダ戦争については正面からこれを取上げる試みはまだなされていない。ここでこの間題をとりあげるのは、英国の大をなさしめた要因は、国内の社会構造の分析を通じてえられることはもちろんであるにしても、複雑な国際環境のなかから身をおこしていったという英国史の他の一面もまた見過ごされてはならないと考えたからである。中世の英国が大陸の一員であったことはいうまでもないが、その後といえども英国は大陸諸国と離れがたい関係をもちつづけていたはずである。本稿は、この戦争に際しての英国政府の対策を検討することを通じて、一六世紀という時代の制約を免れがたかった当時の英国の姿を解明したものである。In our country, so many researches have been made on the sixteenth century English history--the growth of rural industry, the rise of the gentry and many other aspects of the Elizabethan reign. But there has been no attempt to investigate the War of the Armada. The war was waged in the complicated situation of the international politics of the age. England emerged a great power as the result of this war, but the historical studies hitherto have thrown little light on this side of the problem. It is a matter of course that England in the middle ages was a part of Europe. And even after that, she has had close relationships with the continental world. In this article, I intend to get a portrait of the contemporary England conditioned by the time of sixteenth century Europe through the analysis of the attitude of the English Government toward the Armada
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
<Articles>Discourse on Traffic by Lewes Roberts and the Navigation Act
No full text個人情報保護のため削除部分あり一六二〇年代の経済不況期から、ピューリタン革命期にかけては、当時英国実業界のエリートであったロンドン商人にとっても困難な時代であった。ここにとりあげたルイス・ロバーツは、そうしたなかで、貿易商人の立場から、オランダ型仲継商業を鼓吹することによって、不況打開の道を見出そうとした人である。ロバーツについては、これまでにも研究がないわけではないが、これまでの研究は、かれが仲継商業の推奨者であっったがために、いわゆる前期的商人ないしは、亜流の重商主義論者として、一蹴されるきらいがあった。けれども、当時英国の貿易業界がおかれていた国際的位置といったものを念頭におくとき、そしてとくに、クロムェル治下に公布された「航海条令」とか、英蘭戦争および航海条令体制といったことを考えあわせるとき、ロバーツの所論は、むしろこの国のその後の商業的発展と経済成長を方向づけたものとして、注目しなおす必要があるのではないか。本稿は、そうした立場から、ロバーツの交易論と航海条令成立期の二、三の史料とを関連づけて、吟味したものである。The age between the economic depression in 1620's and the Puritan Revolution was a harsh time even for the London merchants, the elite class of business circles in England. In this environment Lewes Roberts, on whom I will now discuss, was a trade merchant who could design a plan to find the way out of the depression by advocating the Dutch type entrepôt trade. Though some researches have been made on Roberts, I am afraid that he has been regarded as a so-called semi-feudal merchant or an adherent mercantilist on the ground that he was an advocator of entrepôt trade. However, when we consider the situation of the English trade in the international arena in that period, or when we further consider it in the contect of the Navigation Act of Cromwell, we find that it destined the way of the commercial expansion and the economic growth of England. Therefore we feel it necessary to make a reconsideration on his discourse. In this article I shall investigate Roberts' discourse on traffic in connection with some data that suggest the formation of the Navigation Act
Cognitive Control for Decision and Human-Robot Collaboration
No full textThis chapter focuses on the concept of cognitive control in robotics and how it is linked to decision, control and Human Robot Interaction (HRI). Achieving a control paradigm that enables robust, flexible goal-driven performance in a myriad of scenarios involving unstructured changing environments and interaction between robots and other agents such as humans has been sought during the last decade. In order to achieve this, inspiration has been taken from nature with a focus on the way humans and other animals undertake their decision and control processes. Indeed, by creating controllers inspired by human flexibility and adaptability, some or all the qualities found in human cognitive processes are pursued (i.e. adaptability, robustness, goal-driven behaviour with sensor and sub-task prioritization) in artificial programmable systems. Firstly, this chapter includes an introduction to the concept of control in the context of industrial processes, and expands it to robotics in general; challenges behind robot control will be raised, highlighting the need for novel decision and control architectures for modern robotics such as close human interaction, dealing with unstructured environments and learning to better perform a task - hence cognitive control. Secondly, the word “cognitive” in the context of control will be defined after an overview about how ”cognition” has been used in the literature beforehand; the definition of what a cognitive controller is will include aspects about both its architecture and inputs, highlighting how it relates to the term used originally in human behavioural studies and cognitive neuroscience. Finally, a modelling approach for cognitive control will be proposed, which integrates the principles of multi-agent interaction into a decision making (i.e. discrete and probabilistic) and control action (i.e. continuous and dynamic) framework. This is followed by a discussion around the framework’s elements and their wider impact in different areas of application such as autonomous driving, teleoperation and human-humanoid interaction
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