1,720,972 research outputs found
Conventional methods for preparing liposomes of various types (MLVs, LUVs, SUVs) : What, where, how and when
No full textLiposomes are well-established vesicular systems widely investigated as drug carriers. The possibility of loading compounds of different nature and their peculiar biocompatible structure have made them appealing at both academic and industrial level. However, despite the huge number of publications in the literature, less than 50 liposomal formulations are currently available on the market. Indeed, while they may show enormous versatility in administration, depending on their composition, their potential may be hampered by the manufacturing process, which may be time-consuming, non-scalable and/or inefficient in drug loading. With that in mind, this chapter is meant to bring insights on the conventional methods for liposome production adopted by scientists so far, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Together with Chapter 22 (Microfluidic methods for liposomes formation) and Chapter 23 (Supercritical fluids and other novel methods for liposome formation), it will provide an overview of the current state of the art in terms of liposome production in small and large batches
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
In vitro evaluation of liposomes tailored for non-invasive delivery of the model antigen ovalbumin to skin, nose, and lungs
Full text link149 p.Vaccination stands out as the most potent and successful preventive measure ever devised to safeguard individuals worldwide from life-threatening diseases. It contributes not only to individual protection but also to community immunity and has a crucial role in preventing and controlling the outbreaks of various diseases, contributing significantly to public health efforts . Vaccination works by leveraging the body's natural immune response to safeguard against infectious diseases. The ultimate goal is to establish immunity without causing the disease itself. The process typically involves administering a vaccine, which contains weakened or inactivated forms of pathogens or specific components (antigens) that trigger an immune response. The immune system recognizes these antigens as foreign invaders and initiates a defence mechanism to neutralize or eliminate them. Upon vaccination, the immune system's primary components, such as white blood cells and antibodies, are activated. Memory cells are also produced, which "remember" the encountered antigens. If the vaccinated individual later encounters the actual pathogen, the immune system can mount a rapid and effective response, preventing or mitigating the infection. This adaptive immune response includes the production of antibodies that can neutralize the pathogen, as well as the activation of killer T cells that can destroy infected cells
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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