61,672 research outputs found
Children's Third-Party Punishment Behaviour: The Roles of Deterrent Motives, Affective States and Moral Domains
No full textChildren engage in third-party punishment (3PP) from a young age in response to
harm and fairness violations. However, several areas about children’s 3PP are still
un-investigated: their motivations for engaging in 3PP; the emotional consequences of
enacting 3PP; and the effect of moral domains on 3PP.
In order to explore these topics, I developed two computerised paradigms: the
MegaAttack game and the Minecraft Justice System. The former was used with 5- to
11-year-olds in the UK (Experiments 1-2) and Colombia (Experiment 3); the latter with
British, Colombian and Italian 7- to 11-year-olds (Experiment 4). In both paradigms, as
players violated different types of moral norms, children were asked to judge their behaviour
and offered the opportunity to punish them. Additionally, in the Minecraft paradigm children
could also compensate the victims.
The type of transgression children watched did not fully predict their choice of 3PP
type in terms of moral domains (Experiments 1-2), but significantly affected their severity
and endorsement of 3PP (Experiment 4).
Children did not appear motivated by reputational concerns, as their 3PP severity was
not influenced by an audience, operationalised as cues of observation (Experiment 2) or
accountability (Experiment 3).
Children’s enjoyment of 3PP was generally low, although there were differences
across countries (Experiments 2-3).
In Experiment 4 children enjoyed compensating more than punishing. When asked
whether they endorsed deterrence or retribution as their 3PP motive, children overwhelmingly chose deterrence, irrespective of their country, age and framing
manipulation received. Reported deterrent motives, and lack of 3PP enjoyment or preference for
compensation, together suggest that children, differently from adults, are not motivated by
the retributive desire to see wrongdoers suffer.
Results have implications for theoretical accounts of the cognitive and affective
processes involved in 3PP, methodological implications for future research avenues and,
potentially, practical implications for the development of intervention studies
Everything to Play For
No full textEverything To Play For asks if videogames can achieve egalitarian goals instead of fuelling hyper-materialist, reactionary agendas. Combining cultural theory and materialist critiques with accessible language and personal anecdotes, industry insider Marijam Did engages both novices and seasoned connoisseurs. From the innovations of Pong and Doom to the intricate multiplayer or narrative-driven games, the author highlights the multifaceted stories of the gaming communities and the political actors who organise among them. Crucially, the focus also includes the people who make the games, shedding light on the brutal processes necessary to bring titles to the public.The videogame industry, now larger than the film and music industries combined, has a proven ability to challenge the status quo. With a rich array of examples, Did argues for a nuanced understanding of gamings influence so that this extraordinary power can be harnessed for good.
Ekranisasi Novel Masih Ada Kereta yang Akan Lewat Karya Mira W. ke Film Arini Masih Ada Kereta yang Akan Lewat Karya Ismail Basbeth
No full textThis study focused on the form of ekranization, from the novel Masih Ada Kereta Yang Akan Lewat by Mira. W, and film Arini Masih Ada Kereta Yang Akan Lewat by Ismail Basbeth. The purpose of this study is to describe the form of ekranization (additions, changes, and shrinking) through a comparison of facts from the novel to the film. This research uses literature review study, with descriptive-qualitative method. The data of this research are words, phrases, and sentences that exist in the novel and film. The technique of collecting the data of this research namely reading, taking notes, describing the film into a script, translating the film script and clarify the data. The analytical technique used are data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. This research used comparative literature theory, story facts (plot, setting, and character), ekranization (additions, changes, and shrinking). The result of this research showed that the comparison between Masih Ada Kereta Yang Akan Lewat novel by Mira. W and Arini Masih Ada Kereta Yang Akan Lewat film by Ismail Basbeth have similar story and used mix plot. The difference occurred in the emergence of plot and new setting in the film. It is happen because of the compaction of the story in the film, all the information contained in the novel cannot be added into the film. The form of ekranization (changes) that happened in the Masih Ada Kereta Yang Akan Lewat novel to the Arini Masih Ada Kereta Yang Akan Lewat, tentd to be more additions to the film such as the emergence of new setting and plot in the film. This is happen because of the past setting did not much brought up and there also an element of adult story in this film. And did not rule out the possibility, that every processes of ekranization must undergo a change
The levitical authorship of Ezra Nehemiah
No full textThe study of Ezra-Nehemiah has been revolutionised in recent years by a growing rejection of the long-established belief that it was composed as part of the Chronicler's work. That shift in scholarly paradigms has re-opened many questions of origin and purpose, and this thesis attempts to establish an answer to the most important of these: the question of authorship. The first part deals with preliminary questions, reviewing the relationship with Chronicles and the unity of the work, and investigating current theories of origin. It affirms that Ezra-Nehemiah should be considered a single, independent composition, to be dated to the late fifth century B.C., and establishes that the author most probably belonged to one of the clerical groups of priests or Levites. The second part examines the attitude toward Levites in Ezra-Nehemiah, and compares it to the treatment of Levites in other, more or less contemporary literature. This comparison shows that the work is unlikely to have been a priestly composition, since priestly texts of the period show a consistent determination to portray the Levites as clerus minor, subordinate to the priests. On the other hand, the portrayal in Ezra-Nehemiah is quite compatible with that of the Levitical stratum in Chronicles. The third part explores the ideology of Ezra-Nehemiah in the context of Persian rule. It establishes that the author was pro-Persian, despite good reasons for Jewish discontent with Achaemenid policies, and shows that this would not have been inappropriate for a Levitical author by the time the work was written. It also explores the socio-political ideology of the book, concluding that its concerns with decentralisation, cooperation and reform are unlikely to have been voiced by a priestly writer. The dissertation concludes, therefore, that the most probable origin for Ezia-Nehemiah lies in Levitical circles, and that it was composed at a time when Levites had established an improvement in their status and authority, following Persian disenchantment with the priesthood. The implications of this conclusion, literary and historical, are explored briefly in the final chapter
Abused, Neglected, Abandoned: Did Roald Dahl Hate Children as Much as the Witches Did?
No full textDescribed as 'the world’s greatest storyteller', Roald Dahl is frequently ranked as the best children’s author of all time by teachers, authors and librarians. However, the new film adaptation of Dahl’s controversial book, The Witches, warrants a fresh look at a recurrent contrast in Dahl’s work: child protection and care on one hand and a preoccupation with child-hatred, including child neglect and abuse, abandonment, and torture on the other. Dahl himself once admitted he simultaneously admired and envied children. While his stories spotlight children’s vulnerability to trauma, his child protagonists show how childhood can be an isolating but ultimately triumphant experience
The student's guide to completing an author study
No full textThe 'Student's guide to completing an author study' emerged during the early development of the school library resource center program at Glen Stewart Elementary School in Stratford Canada on Prince Edward Island. This research process centered on an author study, with direct teaching and clear assignment. The resulting model has been adapted to various grade levels and subject areas in different schools.Source type: Electronic(1)http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=49237063&Fmt=7&clientId=65345&RQT=309&VName=PQ
The impact of the Asia crisis on U.S. industry: an almost-free lunch?
No full textDespite predictions to the contrary, the Asia crisis had only modest overall effects on the United States. The expected surge in import volumes did not materialize and the drop in demand for U.S. exports was not enough to slow the nation's robust economy. Nevertheless, these overall effects could have masked other, larger effects in particularly vulnerable U.S. industries. To examine this possibility, the author conducts a sector-level analysis of the turmoil's impact. He concludes that, with the exception of the steel industry, imports from Asia do not compete directly with U.S. products. Accordingly, an appreciation in the dollar with respect to Asian currencies leads to consumption gains with little or no domestic pain.Financial crises - Asia ; Industries ; Asia
Tagging of Biomedical Articles on CiteULike: A Comparison of User, Author and Professional Indexing
No full textThis paper examines the context of online indexing from the viewpoint of three different groups: users, authors, and professional indexers. User tags, author keywords and descriptors were collected from academic journal articles, which were both indexed in Pubmed and tagged on CiteULike, and analysed. Descriptive statistics, informetric measures, and thesaural term comparison shows that there are important differences in the use of keywords between the three groups in addition to similarities which can be used to enhance support for search and browse. While tags and author keywords were found that matched descriptors exactly, other terms which did not match but provided important expansion to the indexing lexicon were found. These additional terms could be used to enhance support for searching and browsing in article databases as well as to provide invaluable data for entry vocabulary and emergent terminology for regular updates to indexing systems. Additionally, the study suggests that tags support organisation by association to task, projects and subject while making important connections to traditional systems which classify into subject categories
A systematic review of evidence on malignant spinal metastases : natural history and technologies for identifying patients at high risk of vertebral fracture and spinal cord compression
No full textBackground: Spinal metastases can lead to significant morbidity and reduction in quality of life due to spinal cord compression (SCC). Between 5% and 20% of patients with spinal metastases develop metastatic spinal cord compression during the course of their disease. An early study estimated average survival for patients with SCC to be between 3 and 7 months, with a 36% probability of survival to 12 months. An understanding of the natural history and early diagnosis of spinal metastases and prediction of collapse of the metastatic vertebrae are important.
Objective: To undertake a systematic review to examine the natural history of metastatic spinal lesions and to identify patients at high risk of vertebral fracture and SCC.
Data sources: The search strategy covered the concepts of metastasis, the spine and adults. Searches were undertaken from inception to June 2011 in 13 electronic databases [MEDLINE; MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations; EMBASE; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), HTA databases (NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination); Science Citation Index and Conference Proceedings (Web of Science); UK Clinical Research Network (UKCRN) Portfolio Database; Current Controlled Trials; ClinicalTrials.gov].
Review methods: Titles and abstracts of retrieved studies were assessed by two reviewers independently. Disagreement was resolved by consensus agreement. Full data were extracted independently by one reviewer. All included studies were reviewed by a second researcher with disagreements resolved by discussion. A quality assessment instrument was used to assess bias in six domains: study population, attrition, prognostic factor measurement, outcome measurement, confounding measurement and account, and analysis. Data were tabulated and discussed in a narrative review. Each tumour type was looked at separately.
Results: In all, 2425 potentially relevant articles were identified, of which 31 met the inclusion criteria. No study examined natural history alone. Seventeen studies reported retrospective data, 10 were prospective studies, and three were other study designs. There was one systematic review. There were no randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Approximately 5782 participants were included. Sample sizes ranged from 41 to 859. The age of participants ranged between 7 and 92 years. Types of cancers reported on were lung alone (n= 3), prostate alone (n= 6), breast alone (n= 7), mixed cancers (n= 13) and unclear (n= 1). A total of 93 prognostic factors were identified as potentially significant in predicting risk of SCC or collapse. Overall findings indicated that the more spinal metastases present and the longer a patient was at risk, the greater the reported likelihood of development of SCC and collapse. There was an increased risk of developing SCC if a cancer had already spread to the bones. In the prostate cancer studies, tumour grade, metastatic load and time on hormone therapy were associated with increased risk of SCC. In one study, risk of SCC before death was 24%, and 2.37 times greater with a Gleason score 7 than with a score of < 7 (p= 0.003). Other research found that patients with six or more bone lesions were at greater risk of SCC than those with fewer than six lesions [odds ratio (OR) 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.012 to 8.35, p= 0.047]. For breast cancer patients who received a computerised tomography (CT) scan for suspected SCC, multiple logistic regression in one study identified four independent variables predictive of a positive test: bone metastases 2 years (OR 3.0 95% CI 1.2 to 7.6; p= 0.02); metastatic disease at initial diagnosis (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 11.4; p= 0.05); objective weakness (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.5 to 9.5; p= 0.005); and vertebral compression fracture on spine radiograph (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 6.5; p= 0.05). A further study on mixed cancers, among patients who received surgery for SCC, reported that vertebral body compression fractures were associated with presurgery chemotherapy (OR 2.283, 95% CI 1.064 to 4.898; p= 0.03), cancer type [primary breast cancer (OR 4.179, 95% CI 1.457 to 11.983; p= 0.008)], thoracic involvement (OR 3.505, 95% CI 1.343 to 9.143; p= 0.01) and anterior cord compression (OR 3.213, 95% CI 1.416 to 7.293; p= 0.005).
Limitations: Many of the included studies provided limited information about patient populations and selection criteria and they varied in methodological quality, rigour and transparency. Several studies identified type of cancer (e.g. breast, lung or prostate cancer) as a significant factor in predicting SCC, but it remains difficult to determine the risk differential partly because of residual bias. Consideration of quantitative results from the studies does not easily allow generation of a coherent numerical summary, studies were heterogeneous especially with regard to population, results were not consistent between studies, and study results almost universally lacked corroboration from other independent studies.
Conclusion: No studies were found which examined natural history. Overall burden of metastatic disease, confirmed metastatic bone involvement and immediate symptomatology suggestive of spinal column involvement are already well known as factors for metastatic SCC, vertebral collapse or progression of vertebral collapse. Although we identified a large number of additional possible prognostic factors, those which currently offer the most potential are unclear. Current clinical consensus favours magnetic resonance imaging and CT imaging modalities for the investigation of SCC and vertebral fracture. Future research should concentrate on: (1) prospective randomised designs to establish clinical and quality-of-life outcomes and cost-effectiveness of identification and treatment of patients at high risk of vertebral collapse and SCC; (2) Service Delivery and Organisation research on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and scanning (in tandem with research studies on use of MRI to monitor progression) in order to understand best methods for maximising use of MRI scanners; and (3) investigation of prognostic algorithms to calculate probability of a specified event using high-quality prospective studies, involving defined populations, randomly selected and clearly identified samples, and with blinding of investigators
Did he hit you?: A memoir of secrets, survival, and subtle abuse
No full textPublished work by a Douglas College Student Alumni. Aubri had the perfect marriage, or at least that’s what she thought. Behind the elaborate facade, she battled constant confusion as she navigated the ups and downs of a destructive marriage. Through a series of unexpected events, she realizes that not everyone is who they say they are and that some build their entire lives on words alone. As secrets emerge and survival becomes paramount, the truth can no longer hide. Aubri finally discovers what she’s been experiencing all along. This is first-time author Aubri Black's #metoo #churchtoo story. This is the story of what happens when you are young and naive, desperate to be in love, shackled by patriarchal religious views, and most of all, married. The question abuse victims often hear is, “Did he hit you?” This book is one survivor's answer. --From publisher description.boo
- …
