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KEHIDUPAN ARAT SABULUNGAN DALAM MASYARAKAT TRADISIONAL MENTAWAI
Get PDFSkripsi ini berjudul “Kehidupan Arat Sabulungan dalam Masyarakat Tradisional Mentawai (Kajian Hasil Rapat Tiga Agama terhadap Perkembangan Arat Sabulungan 1954-1978)”. Penulisan skripsi bertolak dari rasa ingin tahu penulis terhadap kebudayaan masyarakat tradisional Mentawai yang hampir punah, dengan sistem religinya Arat sabulungan. Kepercayaan tersebut berlandaskan kepada alam, di mana masyarakat tradisional Mentawai percaya akan kekuatan dewa-dewa yaitu; Tai Kabagat Koat (dewa laut), Tai Ka-leleu (roh hutan dan gunung), dan Tai Ka Manua (roh awang-awang). Adapun permasalahan yang diangkat dalam skripsi ini adalah pengaruh Rapat Tiga Agama terhadap keberadaan Arat Sabulungan serta dampaknya terhadap kehidupan masyarakat tradisional Mentawai. Bagaimana kehidupan beragama masyarakat tradisional Mentawai serta perubahan yang terjadi pada masyarakat Mentawai. Untuk memfokuskan penelitian, penulis merumuskan empat pertanyaan sebagai berikut: (1) Bagaimanakah kehidupan Arat Sabulungan dalam masyarakat Mentawai sebelum Rapat Tiga Agama?(2) Apa yang melatarbelakangi diadakannya Rapat Tiga Agama?(3) Bagaimana peran pemerintah dalam pelaksanaan Rapat Tiga Agama?(4) Bagaimana Pengaruh Rapat Tiga Agama terhadap Arat Sabulungan dalam Masyarakat Mentawai? Dalam penelitian ini, metode yang digunakan adalah metode historis yang meliputi pengumpulan sumber (dalam hal ini sumber tulisan), kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historoigrafi. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, penulis menitikberatkan pada sumber tertulis, mengingat sangat teerbatas waktu dan lain hal maka peulis tidak dapat melakukan penelitian langsung ke Kepulauan Mentawai. Adapun hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepercayaan yang dianut masyarakat Mentawai adalah Arat Sabulungan. Arat Sabulungan ini mengatur hidup masyarakat Mentawai dalam satu kesatuan yang disebut uma. Uma juga merujuk pada rumah besar, di mana dalam uma dilakukan segala aktifitas yang berkaitan dengan Arat Sabulungan, yang semua aktifitasnya. Mereka hidup bersahaja dengan mengandalkan alam untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mereka. Seluruh ktifitas mereka dipimpin oleh ketua adat yang disebut Rimata dan Sikerei. Kemudian, keberadaan Arat Sabulungan mulai hilang secara berangsur-angsur akibat dari diadakannya Rapat Tiga Agama (Islam, Protestan dan Sabulungan) dengan bantuan Pemerintah melalui SK No. 167/PROMOSI/1954. Kebudayaan Mentawai merupakan kekayaan budaya bangsa sebagai warisan bagi generasi berikutnya. Suatu keyakinan yang tetap menjaga dan menyeimbangkan kehidupan masyarakat Mentawai, baik dengan sesama manusia maupun dengan alam, yang mulai tergerus oleh kemajuan jaman dan kebutuhan akan ekonomi tunai. Sebelum diadakannya Rapat Tiga Agama, kehidupan masyarakat Mentawai hidup dengan sesama masyarakat dan juga menajga kelestarian alam. Kemudian datangnya orang-orang luar pulau mengkibatkan kontak budaya dan secara perlahan terjadi perubahan. Namun, ketidaksabaran para pendatang memunculkan pemikiran untuk mengubah tatanan kehidupan sosial-budaya masyarakat Mentawai secara paksa melalui Rapat Tiga Agama. Dengan instan mengubah tatanan kehidupan masyarakat Mentawai, terutama mengubah sistem religinya. Menghilangkan Arat Sabulungan dan menggantinya dengan agama resmi yang diakui oleh pemerintah. Perubahan dalam sistem religi ini kemudian menyebar pada berubahnya sistem sosial-budaya masyarakat Mentawai. Mengakibatkan terkikisnya budaya lokal yang tergerus modernisasi, yang kemudian hampir dan bahkan dilupakan oleh generasi muda masyarakat Mentawai.
This titled " Life Arat Sabulungan in Mentawai Traditional Society ( Study Results Meeting of the Three Religions of the Progress Arat Sabulungan 1954-1978 ) ". Contrary thesis of curiosity author of the culture of traditional societies Mentawai endangered , with its religious system Arat Sabulungan . The belief is based on nature, where traditional Mentawai people believe in the power of the gods namely ; Tai Kabagat Koat (god of the sea), Tai Ka - leleu ( spirit forests and mountains ), and Tai Ka Manua (spirit of the clouds). The issues raised in this paper is the influence of the Meeting of the Three Religions Arat Sabulungan existence and its impact on traditional Mentawai people's lives. How Mentawai traditional religious communities as well as the changes that occurred in the Mentawai people. To focus the study, the authors formulate the following four questions: (1) How is life in the Mentawai people Arat Sabulungan before the Meeting of the Three Religions? (2) What is behind the holding of the Meeting Three Religions? (3) What is the role of government in the implementation of the Meeting of the Three Religions? (4) How to Influence Meeting of the Three Religions of the Arat Sabulungan in Mentawai Society? In this study, the method used is the historical method that includes collection source (in this case the source text), source criticism, interpretation and historoigrafi. In conducting this study, the authors focused on written sources, given the very teerbatas time and other things it can not do research peulis directly to the Mentawai Islands. The results of this study indicate that the beliefs held Mentawai people are Arat Sabulungan. Arat is set Sabulungan Mentawai people live in one unit called uma. Uma also refer to the big house, where the uma do all the activities related to Sabulungan Arat, who all activities. They rely on a simple life with nature to meet their needs. The whole ktifitas them led by traditional leaders called Rimata and Sikerei. Then , the existence of Arat Sabulungan began to disappear gradually as a result of the holding of the Meeting three religions (Islam, Protestantism and Sabulungan) with the help of the Government through Decree No. 167/PROMOSI/1954. Mentawai culture is the cultural wealth of the nation as a legacy for the next generation. A belief that while maintaining and balancing the life of the Mentawai people, both with fellow human beings and with nature, which began to be eroded by the progress of time and the need for cash economy. Prior to the Meeting of the Three Religions, Mentawai people live life with other people and also menajga nature. Then the guys come from outside the island 's dance culture contact and change is slowly happening. How ever, the impatience of the newcomers bring ideas to change the order of the socio-cultural life of the Mentawai people forced by Meeting Three Religions. Instantly change the order of the Mentawai people's lives, especially change its religious system. Arat Sabulungan eliminate and replace it with an official religion recognized by the government. Changes in the religious system and then spread to the changing socio-cultural system of the Mentawai people. Resulted in the erosion of local culture that eroded modernization, and even then almost forgotten by the younger generation of the Mentawai people
Dimensional Presence: Serdar Arat
Get PDFThis catalog was produced on the occasion of the exhibition Dimensional Presence: Serdar Arat presented in The Clara M. Eagle Gallery from November 15, 2018 to February 7, 2019.
Serdar Arat is an artist from Istanbul, Turkey who has been living and working in New York since 1980. He received his M.F.A. in Painting at the State University of New York in Albany in 1984. His first solo exhibition was held in New York in 1986. Since then, he has presented many national and international solo- exhibitions and has participated in numerous group exhibitions in various cities across the US and abroad.
Arat’s passion for creating is present in his conversations and this sentiment surrounds the viewer as they investigate each work on view in the gallery. Serdar Arat conceives each piece of art separately and states that “individual pieces that pose similar challenges ultimately produce a series of works. I tend to work on several of these series simultaneously and sometimes over decades.” In his dynamic sculptural work, Fallen, a twenty- six-foot-long meandering sculptural installation on a raised platform, Arat has presented “a landscape strewn with over a hundred forms and fragments, in mixed media including cast bronze, copper, and ceramic. A life-time’s insistence on subdued and suggested three dimensionality in painting is thrown wide open in this piece with the explosion of sculptural forms coming straight out of the metaphorical imagery of my earlier paintings and works on paper. These are the same vents, sirens, tubes, wings, bones, and other fragments. Part organic and part mechanical, all fallen and abandoned, their prophecies and warnings ignored, innocence and idealism shattered, and grace and hope... barely recovered through the process of art.
Nota a Germanico, Arat. 405-6
Get PDFNew arguments supporting the disputed reading siccentur at line 405, where Germanicus offers an unusual, yet clever interpretation of Arat. 421
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) – Armfunktionen messen
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Mit dem ARAT erfassen Therapeuten verschiedene Bewegungsaufgaben von Hand und Arm. Sie können mit dem Assessment Armfunktionen standardisiert beschreiben und Veränderungen dokumentieren.
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ISLAM AND ARAT SABULUNGAN IN MENTAWAI
Get PDFThe remoteness of the Mentawai Islands has contributed to an almost autonomous development, unaided by mainland Sumatra. As a result of a well endowed environment and supported by staple local foods such as sago, taro and bananas, as well as an abundance of wildlife including wild boars, a finely tuned self-sufficiency was realised. In this space the management and distribution of food, including animal protein, is an important aspect of the culture of Arat Sabulungan. As the result of the compulsory state sanctioned religions program introduced in 1954, some Mentawaians have converted to Islam or Catholicism as their formal religious identity. However, a remarkable adaptation occured in which the layers of Mentawai identity were not lost in the adaption to the Islamic faith. Islam with its teachings, and other formal religions, are considered as the sasareu (outsiders). The prohibition of consuming boar as part of islamic rules is a sasareu rules that contradict to Mentawaian Arat .[Kepulauan Mentawai yang terisolasi telah berkembang secara mandiri tanpa bantuan dari pulau induknya, Sumatra. Lingkungan yang subur dan mendukung ketersediaan sumber makanan pokok lokal seperti sagu, talas, dan pisang serta berlimpahnya satwa liar, termasuk babi hutan, telah mendorong terciptanya swasembada pangan. Manajemen dan distribusi makanan merupakan aspek penting dalam jalinan budaya dan sistem kepercayaan local, Arat Sabulungan. Sebagai hasil dari kebijakan pemerintah untuk menerapkan agama resmi bagi orang Mentawai pada tahun 1954, orang Mentawai kemudian masuk Islam atau Katolik. Namun demikian, adaptasi yang luar biasa juga terjadi, sehingga lapisan-lapisan identitas Mentawai tidak hilang dalam adaptasinya dengan keyakinan Islam. Islam dengan ajaran-ajarannya, juga agama-agama dunia lainnya, dipandang sebagai ajaran asing. Larangan mengkonsumsi daging babi sebagai bagian dari ajaran Islam, misalnya, dipandang sebagai ajaran asing yang bertentangan dengan Arat Mentawai.]Keywords: Mentawai, Islamic syncretism, Arat Sabulungan</p
İstihbarat Faaliyetlerinin Ozel Hayatin Gizliligine Saygi Hakki Acisindan Degerlendirilmesi
No full textDevletin guvenlik saiki ile yuruttugu ve hayati fonksiyonlarindan birisi olan istihbarat faaliyetleri bireyin temel hak ve ozgurluklerinden olan ozel hayatin gizliligine saygi hakki ile zaman zaman celismekte ve bu hakki sinirlandirmaktadir. Bu durum esasinda hak ve ozgurluklerin guvenlik ile yasadigi mucadelenin bir alt kategorisi olarak da degerlendirilebilir. Bu baglamda guvenlik ihtiyaci temelli istihbarat faaliyetleri ile vazgecilmez hak ve ozgurluklerden birisi olan ozel hayatin gizliligine saygi hakki arasinda hassas bir dengenin kurulmasi gerektigi asikardir. Artan guvenlik ihtiyaci ve teknolojik gelismelerle birlikte gelen yogun istihbarat faaliyetlerinin gizli ve dinamik yapilari sebebiyle ozel hayatin gizliligine saygi hakkina zaman zaman haksiz mudahalelerde bulunabilmeleri riski mevcuttur. Bu sebeple guvenlik acisindan kritik oneme sahip istihbarat faaliyetleri icra edilirken hukuk devleti ve demokratik toplum olmanin getirdigi hukuki zorunluluklara uyulmasi ve ozel hayatin gizliligine saygi hakkina yonelik hukuk disi mudahalelerden ozenle sakinilmasi gerekmektedir. Bu calismada istihbarat faaliyetlerinin hangi hukuki zeminde yurutuldugu ve hangi hukuki zeminde yurutulmesi gerektigi uluslararasi kriterler de goz onune alinarak incelenmis ve bu yonde mevzuatta ve uygulamada gorulen eksikliklere isaret edilerek cozum onerilerinin uretilmesi amaclanmistir.As one of the key governmental functions, the intelligence activities executed for security reasons sometimes conflict with the right to respect for private life and limit the exercise of this right. This situation can be acknowledged as a subcategory of the struggle between security and rights and freedoms. At that point it is clear that the establishment of a delicate balance between right to respect for private life and security based intelligence activities is a necessity. Due to its secret and dynamic structure , it is possible for intelligence activities to interrupt the right to respect for private life occasionally. Therefore the intelligence activities should be conducted in accordance with the rules of state of law and democratic society and any illegitimate interruption of right to respect for private life should be avoided. This study deals with on which legal basis are the intelligence activities being conducted and on which legal basis should these activities be conducted considering the international criterias and it is aimed to draw attention to the deficiencies in legislation and implementation while creating solutions for the issues
İntraoral ve Ekstraoral Distalizasyon Yöntemlerinin Dentofasiyal Yapıya Olan Etkilerinin İncelenmesi
No full textÇalışmamızın amacı, Angle sınıf II molar ilişkiye, iskeletsel sınıf I veya sınıf II malokluzyona ve düzgün mandibuler dental arka sahip bireylerde üst birinci molar distalizasyonu için ağız içi (intraoral) kuvvet uygulayan bir yöntem olan 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon sistemi ile, ağız dışı (ekstraoral) kuvvet uygulayan bir yöntem olan servikal headgearlerin dentofasiyal yapılar üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesidir. Çalışmamızın bir diğer amacı da, 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon sistemi ile tedavi edilen bireylerde ful bantlanmış ve braketlenmiş mandibuler dental arkın sistem içinde uygulanan sınıf II elastiklere ne ölçüde ankraj sağlayabildiğinin değerlendirilmesidir. Bu amaçla, 21 bireye 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon arkları, 18 bireye ise servikal headgear uygulanmıştır. 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon sistemi ile tedavi gören bireylerde sınıf II molar ilişkinin sınıf I molar ilişkiye taşınma süresi 3.4 ay, servikal headgear ile tedavi gören bireylerde ise 10.2 aydır. Servikal headgear grubunun tedavi süresinin uzun olması nedeniyle, bu gruba dahil olan bireylerin sonuçları Anabilim Dalımız arşivinden seçilen, servikal headgear grubundakine benzer dişsel, iskeletsel özelliklere ve benzer gelişim kriterlerine sahip 17 bireyden oluşan kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Kontrol grubunun kontrol süresi 12.5 aydır. Servikal headgear grubunda, dış kolları uzun ve açılandırılmamış yüz arkları ile 450-600 gram arasında kuvvet günde ortalama 14-18 saat süre ile uygulanmıştır. Lateral sefalometrik filmlerde iskeletsel yapı, dentoalveolar yapı ve yumuşak doku profiline ait 12 açısal, 32 boyutsal, 2 orantısal ölçüm yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, her iki yöntem ile de benzer miktarda üst birinci molar distalizasyonu elde edilmiştir. Sınıf I molar ilişkiye, servikal headgear grubunda üst birinci molar distalizasyonu ile, 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon grubunda ise hem üst birinci molar distalizasyonu, hem de alt birinci molar mesializasyonu ile ulaşılmıştır. Her iki yöntemde de, üst birinci molar dişler benzer miktarda distale devrilmişlerdir. Her iki yöntemin de üst çenenin ileri yön gelişimi üzerinde etkili olduğu, ancak servikal headgear grubunda bu etkinin daha fazla olduğu izlenmiştir. 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon sistemi uygulanan grupta mandibuler düzlem açısında herhangi bir değişiklik izlenmezken, servikal headgear grubunda bu açıda önemli bir artış tespit edilmiştir. 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon sistemi uygulanan grupta, kullanılan sınıf II elastiklerin etkisi ile üst kesici dişlerde belirgin miktarda ekstrüzyon, gözlenmiştir. Üst birinci molar dişler, 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon grubunda intrüze, servikal headgear grubunda ise hafif ekstrüze olmuşlardır. İki tedavi yöntemi arasındaki en büyük farklılık, alt dental arkta meydana gelen değişikliklerde izlenmiştir. 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon sistemi uygulanan bireylerde kullanılan sınıf II elastiklerin etkisi ile alt kesici dişlerde belirgin protrüzyon, alt birinci molar dişlerde ise ekstrüzyon ve mesiale devrilme izlenirken, servikal headgear grubunda alt kesici dişlerde retrüzyon, alt birinci molar dişlerde distale eğimlenme izlenmiştir. 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon grubunda, alt çenede ful bantlama ve braketleme ile ankrajın arzu edilen ölçüde arttırılamadığı belirlenmiştir. 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon grubunda overjet önemli miktarda azalmış, okluzal düzlem eğimi ise artmıştır. Alt dudak, 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon sistemi uygulanan grupta protrüze olan alt kesici dişlerin etkisi ile ileri hareket etmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sınıf II malokluzyon, ağız içi (intraoral) kuvvet, ağız dışı (ekstraoral) kuvvet, molar distalizasyonu, 3D bimetrik maksiller distalizasyon arkları, servikal headgear
Solon, Harpale et l'octaétéride (Aviénus, Arat. 1363-1370)
No full textSoubiran Jean. Solon, Harpale et l'octaétéride (Aviénus, Arat. 1363-1370). In: Pallas, 25/1978. pp. 9-20
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