1,721,049 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Efficacy and evolution of the HIV-1 specific CD8 T cell response
No full textOBJECTIFS : Les lymphocytes T (LT) CD8 sont cruciaux pour le contrôle de l’infection à VIH-1. Certaines approches thérapeutiques comme la stratégie « shock and kill » visant à éradiquer le réservoir latent utilisent la capacité de LT CD8 à détruire spécifiquement les cellules infectées. Pour réussir, il est primordial de progresser dans notre compréhension de la réponse LT CD8 après des années de traitement. Pour y parvenir nous proposons d’étudier l’évolution de la réponse LT CD8 spécifique du virus dans une cohorte unique d’individus infectés par VIH-1 et traités par antirétroviraux avec un suivi de plus de 25 ans de l’infection. Notre but est de caractériser le répertoire LT CD8 et son potentiel pour contrôler la réplication virale tout en séquençant le virus sur les épitopes reconnus par les LT CD8. METHODES : Les LT CD8 spécifiques du VIH-1 de 11 patients ont été caractérisés par cytométrie en flux pour évaluer leurs niveaux d’activation, de différentiation et de senescence au cours du suivi. La méthode du single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) a été appliquée sur 4 patients de la cohorte pour évaluer leur propriété fonctionnelle et composition clonotypique (via le séquençage des chaînes alpha et beta du TCR). En parallèle nous avons évalué la capacité de ces cellules spécifiques de VIH de patients traités à proliférer et produire des molécules cytolytiques après stimulation in vitro avec des peptides viraux, et l’impact d’adjuvants présélectionnés (ligands de TLR ou STING notamment). RESULTATS : Après des années d’infections, les LT CD8 spécifiques du VIH montrent une expression réduite de CD38 et CD57 ainsi qu’une expression accrue de CD28, indicateur d’un profil moins activé, moins sénescent et moins différentié. De plus, les cellules LT CD8 spécifiques du virus de deux individus traités à long terme montrent un profil d’expression génique associé à des marqueurs de différentiation précoces (Il7r, Tcf7, Gzmk, Sell, Ccr7). Ce profil rappelle les LT CD8 de patients infectés par VIH-2, connus pour être capable de générer des réponses LT CD8 robustes face à l’infection. Ces changements phénotypiques et transcriptomiques sont associés à l’apparition de nouveaux clonotypes avec un potentiel pour le contrôle de la réplication virale. Enfin, nous montrons que des LT CD8 spécifiques du virus hautement fonctionnels peuvent être générés avec des ligands spécifiques, même après des années de traitement. CONCLUSION : Nos résultats indiquent que les LT CD8 spécifiques du virus maintiennent un potentiel pour le contrôle de la réplication virale. Ces résultats sont encourageants pour soutenir le rationnel de la stratégie « shock and kill » et éventuellement à terme, permettre la guérison fonctionnelle de l’infection.OBJECTIVE : CD8 T cells are key players of HIV control. Therapeutic approaches, like the “shock and kill” strategy, aimed at eradicating the HIV-1 reservoir in latently-infected cells using CD8 T cells in treated HIV-1 infected patients are an important research focus. In order to succeed, progress in the knowledge of the state of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells after long term treatment is key. To this purpose, I studied the evolution of the HIV-1 specific CD8 T cell response in a unique the cohort of HIV-1 infected patients treated with antiretroviral drugs with a 30 years follow-up. I aimed at characterizing CD8 T cell repertoire and fitness as well as viral sequence evolution. METHODS : HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells from 28 patients were characterized by flow cytometry to investigate their activation, differentiation and senescent state throughout the follow-up. Single-cell RNAseq was performed on HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells from four patients from the cohort, in order to characterize the functionality properties as clonotypic composition (i.e. TCRa/b chain sequencing) of these cells over time. Finally, to assess the functional potential of the HIV-specific CD8 T cells upon activation, I evaluated their capacity to proliferate and to express cytolytic molecules after in vitro stimulation with HIV antigens, and the impact of pre-determined adjuvants (e.g. TLR or STING ligands). RESULTS : After years of treated infection, HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells showed less expression of CD38, CD57 and increased expression of CD28, indicating less activated, less senescent and less differentiated cells. Moreover, CD8 T cells from two long term treated patient (i.e. B*57) are showing gene expression linked with markers of early differentiation (IL7R, TCF7, GZMK). This profile is reminiscent of HIV-2 specific CD8 T cells who are known to mount effective response against HIV. These phenotypic/transcriptomic changes are associated with the appearance of new clonotypes with the potential to control HIV replication. Finally, I show that highly functional HIV-1 specific CD8 T cells can still be induced, even after years of treatment, using specific adjuvants. CONCLUSION : My results indicate that the fitness and boosting capacity of HIV-1 specific CD8 T cells after many years of treated infection present a real potential for HIV suppression. These results are important to support the rational for the “shock and kill” strategy a
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Immunological considerations regarding parental concerns on pediatric immunizations
No full textInternational audienceDespite the fundamental role of vaccines in the decline of infant mortality, parents may decide to decline vaccination for their own children. Many factors may influence this decision, such as the belief that the infant immune system is weakened by vaccines, and concerns have been raised about the number of vaccines and the early age at which they are administered. Studies focused on the infant immune system and its reaction to immunizations, summarized in this review, show that vaccines can overcome those suboptimal features of infant immune system that render them more at risk of infections and of their severe manifestations. In addition, many vaccines have been shown to improve heterologous innate and adaptive immunity resulting in lower mortality rates for fully vaccinated children. Thus, multiple vaccinations are necessary and not dangerous, as infants can respond to several antigens as well as when responding to single stimuli. Current immunization schedules have been developed and tested to avoid vaccine interference, improve benefits and reduce side effects compared to single administrations. The infant immune system is therefore capable, early after birth, of managing several antigenic challenges and exploits them to prompt its development
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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