266 research outputs found
Replication data for: The ongoing eclipse of possessive suffixes in North Saami: A case study in reduction of morphological complexity
No full textNorth Saami is replacing the use of possessive suffixes on nouns with a morphologically simpler analytic construction. Our data (>2K examples culled from >.5M words) track this change through three generations and parameters of semantics, syntax, and geography. Intense contact pressure on this minority language probably promotes morphological simplification, yielding an advantage for the innovative construction. The innovative construction is additionally advantaged because it has a wider syntactic and semantic range and is indispensable, whereas its competitor can always be replaced. The one environment where the possessive suffix is most strongly retained even in the youngest generation is in the Nominative singular case, and here we find evidence that the possessive suffix is being reinterpreted as a vocative case marker. The files make it possible to see all of our data and to do the statistical analysis and plots in R
Lene Schneider-Kainer Collection 1921-1968
No full textThe collection contains biographical notes on Lene Schneider-Kainer; photographs of her and signed photographs of the German author Bernhard Kellermann; and an album with newspaper clippings, magazine articles, and photographs. The album covers the years 1929-1951, and includes clippings pertaining to Schneider-Kainer, her work, and exhibits of her work; magazine articles concerning her trip through Asia with Kellermann, some written by him, illustrated with photographs of her related paintings; and photographs of Kellermann, Schneider-Kainer, and her paintings.Lene Schneider was born May 16, 1885, in Vienna, Austria. She studied painting in Vienna and in Munich. From 1926 to 1928, she participated in an expedition to Asia, which brought her and the author Bernhard Kellermann to Iran, Ladakh (Klein-Tibet), India, Thailand, and China. She then moved to Berlin, where she was sustained by the Prussian Academy of Fine Arts and the Villa Masimo in Rome. After a sojourn in Spain in the 1930s, she settled in New York, and in 1954 she moved on to Cochabamba, Bolivia, where she was known under the name Elena Eleska. She died in 1971.The original German-language inventory is available in the folderProcessed for digitizationdigitize
Davvisámi earutkeahtes oamasteapmi [Inalienability in North Saami]
No full textSource at https://site.uit.no/aigecala/.Inalienability in North Saami
On the basis of corpus data (9.5M words 1997–2010) we claim that North Saami is developing a grammatical distinction between alienable and inalienable possession. In previous work we documented a language change in North Saami in which the possessive suffix as in girjji-id-easkka [book-acc.pl-3pl] ‘their books’ is being replaced by an analytic construction with the reflexive genitive ieža-form, as in iežaska girjjiid ‘their books’. According to typologists, alienable/inalienable distinctions arise primarily in small languages where a language change takes place, and inalienability is marked by the synthetic construction. North Saami possessive constructions comport with these features, and the possessive suffix tends to mark inalienable possession, as opposed to the more neutral and widespread ieža-form. Statistical analysis shows that word frequency cannot account for the distribution of the possessive suffix vs. ieža-form, justifying focus on semantics. North Saami shows high frequency of the possessive suffix for kinship and body part nouns associated with inalienability cross-linguistically, but there is a strong presence of the possessive suffix with words for “products”: concrete and abstract human artefacts, where the creation is inalienably possessed by its creator. Another important group marked with the possessive suffix associated with inalienable possession are words connected with identity and livelihood. Even though overall the reflexive genitive ieža-form has been taking the place of the possessive suffix the possessive suffix continues to be productive in use with words signaling products, identity, and livelihood
Turning language documentation into reader’s and writer’s software tools
No full textOne avenue for supporting the continued use and revitalization of endangered languages in the current, pervasively computerized world is the creation of computational models of the often rich and complex morphology of these languages. Such computational models can be used as a basis for creating a suite of reader’s and writer’s tools, including e.g. (1) an intelligent electronic dictionary that combines the computational model and a lexical database allowing for linking any inflected form with the appropriate dictionary entry, as well as the generation of word paradigms, (2) an intelligent computer-aided language learning application (ICALL) that allows for the dynamic generation of large numbers of exercises combining the entire core vocabulary (up to several thousand of the most common words) and a substantially smaller set of exercise templates, and (3) a spell-checker that supports adherence with one or more existing orthographical conventions, and thus the production of good-quality texts. Importantly, these tools can be made publicly available over the Internet and integrated as part of general software applications such as web browsers and word processors, to be used with little or no cost by any speakers or language-learners in the respective communities as well as any researchers, anywhere – instead of remaining on an individual researcher’s computer drive or on a library bookshelf.
Based on our recent experiences on trying out various practical approaches in developing computational morphological models for Plains Cree and Northern Haida, using Finite-State Transducer (FST) technology (Beesley & Karttunen, 2003), once one gains access both to (a) a comprehensive set of full word paradigms, for every possible paradigm type, and (b) an accompanying extensive electronic lexical resource with coding indicating the relevant paradigm type, we have been able to create surprisingly rapidly, potentially within only several months, initial but already full-fledged FST models that can be readily adapted into the aforementioned software tools (1-3). Nevertheless, these first versions will certainly benefit from further work, where one cannot do without the active participation of the language community. However, we will demonstrate how, when a researcher or community linguist pays careful attention in their lexical documentation work on the systematic and detailed coding of the morphological characteristics of the vocabulary in some structured electronic format (e.g. when using software such as ToolBox), they will at the same time facilitate the rapid initial development of computational tools which will make benefits of their work available to the entire community.
References
Beesley, Kenneth R. and Lauri Karttunen. 2003. Finite State Morphology. Stanford (CA): CSLI Publications
Nominatiiva vai akkusatiiva? Davvisámegiela studeanttaid kásusoahppan
Get PDFMasterbarggus guorahalan mo davvisámegiela L2-studeanttat geavahit nominatiivva ja akkusatiivva
čállosiin, maid sii leat geigen UiT sámegiela jahkeoahpu nuppi lohkanbajis. Materiálas leat 15.000 sáni ja oktiibuot 3530 nominatiiva- ja akkusatiivadáhpáhusa njealji áigemuttus (B1-, B2-, B3-, E-materiálatiippat). Teorehtalaš lahkonanvuogi vuođđudan gaskagielaid dutkamii ja kognitiivva oahppanteoriijaide. Lean juohkán studeanttaid golbman joavkun ja gávdnan erohusaid BCD-joavkku ovdánanminstaris, sihke nominatiiva- ja akkusatiivageavaheamis, A-joavkku bohtosiid ektui. CART-analysa čájeha ahte fáktorat kásus, syntávssalaš kategoriija, sátneluohkká ja substantiivva máttaluohkká váikkuhit eanemusat dasa, čállá go studeanta nominatiivva ja akkusatiivva riekta vai boastut. Akkusatiivvat leat váddáset buot studeanttaide go nominatiivvat.
Čájehan ahte BCD-joavkku rivttes kásusa válljen ii ovdán dássedit kurssa progrešuvnna mielde. Vaikko sin nominatiivageavaheapmi ovdána guovtti materiálatiippa gaskkas (B2: 89 % > B3: 96 %), de dat gahča álgodássái maŋimus materiálatiippas (E: 89 %). Akkusatiivasojaheapmi ovdána B1- ja B2-materiálatiippa gaskkas (77 % > 86 %), muhto de hedjona guovtti maŋimus materiálatiippas (B3: 62 %; E: 67 %), álgodási ektui.
BCD-joavkku materiálas báhcet erenoamážit bárrastávval ja kontrákta substantiivvat ja namat (proprat) sojatkeahttá cealkaga objeaktan, dahje dat sojahuvvojit boastut. Ođđaset loatnasánit báhcet dávjá sojatkeahttá, ja sátneortnet, attribuhtat ja paratáksagihpuid siskkáldas dynamihkka sáhttet váikkuhit dasa, sojahit go studeanttat substantiivva riekta akkusatiivvas, vai eai. Studeanttaid gielladuogáš, ovdamáhttu ja fuomášupmi sáhttá maid váikkuhit oahppamii.
Bohtosat čájehit ahte lea dárbu heivehit oahpponeavvuid ja oahpahusa, vai čuovvulivččii ja dorjjošii nuppigiela studeanttaid buorebut sin oahppanproseassas. Lea dárbu fuomášuhttit kásusgeavaheami juohke háve go ođđa cealkka- ja gihppostruktuvrrat oahpahuvvojit. Berrešii maiddái geardduhit sojahannjuolggadusaid go studeanttat ohppet ođđa sániid, omd. namaid
Sámi new speakers: A case study of the North Sámi language beginner program at UiT
Get PDFThe present thesis focuses on students enrolled at UiT The Arctic University of Norway (UiT) during the 2020/2021 academic year in the Nordsamisk som fremmedspråk, North Sámi beginner language program. The study explores the process of becoming a Sámi new speaker through an educational program and the factors that motivate, promote, or prevent new speakers’ learning path. New speakers can contribute to maintaining, and hopefully, increasing the number of Sami speakers. What are students’ experiences and challenges in using Sámi language outside the Sámi administrative areas, in an urban environment such as Tromsø? And what is the role of the language program in this process?
The beginner North Sámi language program at UiT accommodates students who have a direct link to Sámi language and culture, and students who have not. Yet, both groups represent agency in learning and supporting the Sámi language. Students are not categorized as successful or unsuccessful in this study, as learning a language is a multifaceted experience influenced by individual, community, and societal factors. The research discusses how all factors have an impact on the use of Sámi language outside the classroom. A personal interest in learning the language as well as a professional aim, represent high motivational factors for learners to enroll in the program. What are the opportunities then for students to use Sámi after the one-year language program?
The empirical case study of the North Sámi language learners at UiT offers a ground of analysis and discussion on the topics of education, language revitalization and Sámi language status within the Norwegian society. It discusses challenges, demanding learning processes, but overall, it addresses the possibility of becoming a Sámi new speaker through education
Ambiposisjovnh - gïehtjedimmie njielje ambiposisjovnijste
Get PDFFire sørsamiske adposisjoner med OVER-betydning og den semantiske forskjellen mellom post- og preposisjon.
I denne oppgaven presenteres det hvordan man kan si OVER på sørsamisk med fire velkjente adposisjoner. De fire adposisjonene er aatsolen, bijjelen, dåaresth og rastah.
Problemstillingen i denne oppgaven er følgende «Hvordan kan man si OVER på sørsamisk og er det en semantisk forskjell mellom post- og preposisjon?»
Er maskinoversetting fra nordsamisk nyttig for sørsamisk?
Get PDFThe article assesses the strengths and weaknesses of a rule-based translation program from North Saami to South Saami. As a tool for translators, the system can contribute to more text being produced in South Saami, both by using North Saami as an intermediary in the translation of texts from Norwegian and Swedish, and by translating texts that are originally written in North Saami. The system may also help teachers in academia to understand texts written by South Saami students. The system is still not good enough, in particular the number of word pairs in the lexicon must be increased considerably to get a better result. The translation is also not robust with respect tolinguistic errors in the North Saami text. The linguistic difference between North Saami and South Saami syntax is big, and one could consider whether it would be appropriate to use a rule-based approach, which allows using information about the sentences' dependencytrees, in order to more easily transform the sentences from North Saami syntax to acceptable South Saami
Horizons of enchantment: essays in the American imaginary
Get PDFAbout the Book
(from upne.com) Lene M. Johannessen\u27s Horizons of Enchantment is about the peculiar power and exceptional pull of the imaginary in American culture. Johannessen\u27s subject here is the almost mystical American belief in the promise and potential of the individual, or the reliance on a kind of modern magic that can loosely be characterized as a fundamental and unwavering faith in the secular sanctity of the American project of modernity. Among the diverse topics and cultural artifacts she examines are the Norwegian American novel A Saloonkeeper\u27s Daughter by Drude Krog Janson, Walt Whitman\u27s Song of Myself, Rodolfo Gonzales\u27s I Am Joaquín, Richard Ford\u27s The Sportwriter, Ana Menéndez\u27s In Cuba I Was a German Shepherd, essays by Samuel Huntington and Richard Rodriquez, and the 2009 film Sugar, about a Dominican baseball player trying to make it in the big leagues. In both her subject matter and perspective, Johannessen reconfigures and enriches questions of the transnational and exceptional in American studies. (from upne.com).
About the Author
Lene M. Johannessen is a professor of American literature and culture in the Department of Foreign Languages at the University of Bergen, Norway. She is the author of Threshold Time: Passage of Crisis in Chicano Literature and has edited several books on American Studies. (from upne.com).
About the Electronic Publication
This electronic publication of Horizons of Enchantment was made possible with the permission of the author. The University Press of New England created EPUB, MOBI, and PDF files from a scanned copy of the book. The Dartmouth College Library Digital Production Unit created the HTML file and performed quality assurance.
Rights Information
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License © Trustees of Dartmouth Collegehttps://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/dartmouth_press/1007/thumbnail.jp
Sámegielaid modelleren – huksen ja heiveheapmi duohta giellamáilbmái
Get PDFNákkosgirjjis guorahalan leago grammatihkalaš giellamodealla vástádus sámegielaid ja eará davvimáilmmi eamiálbmotgielaid giellateknologalaš dárbbuide?
Grámmatihkalaš giellamodealla lea huksejuvvon Finite state transduserin (FST:n).
Suokkardalan hástalusaid mat čuožžilit go galgá hukset ja heivehit sámegielaid grammatihkalaš giellamodeallaid duohta giellamáilbmái.
FST:in sáhttá modelleret morfofonologalaš rievddademiid ja analyseret teakstakorpusiid vaikko teavsttain lea ollu lingvisttalaš variašuvdna. FST:in sáhttá maiddái genereret sátnehámiid mat eai gávdno korpusis, muhto gávdnojit gielas. Syntávssalaš analysáhtor mii lea huksejuvvon Constraint Grammariin, ii gáibit stuorra teakstačoakkáldaga, ja lea gierdilis vuohki disambigueret morfologalaš analysaid gaskkas.
Čájehan mo sáhttit ávkkástallat sámegielaid grámmatihkalaš giellamodeallain geavaheddjiidprográmmain. Grammatihkalaš gilkorat dahket vejolažžan addit metalingvisttalaš dieđuid ja máhcahaga geavaheddjiide. FST ferte heivehit nu ahte dat buorebut speadjalastá duohta giela. FST lahkonanvuogi čuolbma lea badjelmearálaš sátnehámiid genereren, ja dan dihte lea dehálaš gáržžidit giellamodealla. Go ráhkada giellateknologalaš reaidduid giellaoahpahallamii, de lea ávkkálaš dasa siskkildit
giellaoahpahalli gaskagiela. Suokkardalan muhtun vugiid mo sáhttá gáržžidit ja viiddidit giellamodealla vai buorebut sulastahttá duohta giellamáilmmi.
Čájehan ahte FST huksen vástida máŋgga davvimáilmmi eamiálbmotgiela dárbbuide oažžut giellateknologalaš reaidduid. FST lahkonanvuohki oktan buriin vuođđostruktuvrrain mainna ávkkástallá vuođđobarggus mii lea dahkkon sámegielaide, dahká alladásat geavaheddjiidprográmmaid olámuddui vehádatgielaide main lea rikkes morfologiija, vátna teakstakorpus ja unnán hállit.
ENGLISH:
In this thesis I investigate whether grammatical language modeling is an appropriate response to the need for language technology for the Saami languages and other circumpolar indigenous languages. The grammatical language models under investigation are built as Finite state transducers (FST). I examine the challenges of building such grammatical models for Saami languages and adapting them to real-world linguistic issues.
A finite state transducer (FST) makes it possible to model morphophonological alternations and analyse text in a corpus, even when there is considerable linguistic variation in the text. One can also generate word forms that are not found in the corpus, but exist in the language. A syntactic analyser based on Constraint Grammar does not require a large text corpus, and does robust disambiguation of multiple morphological analyses.
I show how Saami grammatical language models can be implemented in various user programs. Grammatical tags make it possible to provide both metalinguistic information and immediate feedback to the user's input. It is necessary to adapt the FSTs to real language usage. The FST approach causes overgeneration, which is why it is important to limit the language model.
Including the learner's interlanguage is also useful for language learning tools based on language technology. I have examined a number of ways both to limit and to expand the language models.
I show that the construction of an FST is the key answer to the need for language technology tools for circumpolar indigenous languages. With the appropriate infrastructure available, which also makes it possible to port results achieved for the Saami language to other languages as well, the FST approach places advanced user applications with the reach of minority languages with complex morphology, meagre corpus resources, and few speakers.<p
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