1,720,964 research outputs found
Penyakit Parkinson
Full text linkPenyakit parkinson merupakan penyakit neurode-generatif multi sistem yang progresif, terutama pada usia lanjut. Penyakit ini merupakan penyakit neurodegeneratif kedua yang paling umum di seluruh dunia setelah alzheimer, dengan insiden dan prevalensi yang meningkat seiring dengan perubahan demografi pada populasi (Pringsheim dkk, 2014).
Prevalensi penyakit parkinson di negara-negara industri umumnya diperkirakan sebesar 0,3% dari seluruh populasi dan sekitar 1% pada orang yang berusia di atas 60 tahun. Prevalensinya meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia baik pada pria maupun wanita. Di Eropa, prevalensi pada usia 85 - 89 tahun dilaporkan sebesar 3,5% (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).
Penyakit parkinsons di Indonesia menduduki urutan ke-12 di dunia, dan nomor 5 di Asia untuk jumlah kasus kematian terbanyak akibat penyakit parkinsons. Pada tahun 2002 terdapat prevalensi 1100 kematian. Pada tahun 2010 ditemukan 876.665 penderita penyakit parkinson di Indonesia. The Global Burden of Disease Study mengatakan jumlah kasus penyakit parkinson pada tahun 2040 akan bertambah pesat dari sekitar 7 juta menjadi 13 juta, hal ini menunjukkan potensi pandemi penyakit parkinson (Zein & Khairunisa, 2023)
AIDS
Full text linkPenyakit AIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome)
masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan yang utama di
dunia. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan bahwa
hingga saat ini tidak ada negara yang terbebas dari penyakit
AIDS yang disebabkan oleh virus yang disebut human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) itu. AIDS adalah kondisi dimana
sistem kekebalan tubuh sangat lemah akibat infeksi virus HIV.
Menurut data yang diambil dari Kemenkes, pada september
2023, diperkirakan ada lebih dari 500.000 kasus HIV/AIDS di
Indonesia (Yankes, 2023).
Pada pasien AIDS terdapat bermacam penyakit yang
disebabkan oleh infeksi oportunistik. Infeksi oportunistik pada
HIV/AIDS disebabkan oleh penurunan imunitas yang biasanya
terjadi bila jumlah CD4 kurang dari 200/ml3
. Salah satu
manifestasi dari penurunan CD4 tersebut bermanifestasi di
kulit. Manifestasi dermatologis yang dilihat pada tiap stadium
HIV/AIDS menunjukkan berbagai jenis kelainan kulit.
Kelainan kulit ini menjadi penyebab angka
kesakitan/morbiditas yang tinggi, yang memberikan efek
kosmetik dan mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien HIV/AIDS.
Penurunan fungsi sel langerhans yang terinfeksi oleh virus HIV
menjadi penyebab kelainan pada kuli
Struktur dan Fungsi Sistem Pernapasan
Full text linkBernapas adalah suatu kebutuhan mendasar dan paling
penting untuk makhluk hidup. Manusia bisa saja hidup tanpa
makanan ataupun air dalam beberapa minggu, tetapi tidak
dapat hidup tanpa menghirup oksigen walaupun dalam
beberapa menit saja. Oksigen dibutuhkan oleh seluruh sel dalam
tubuh kita secara terus menerus untuk menghasilkan energi
yang dibutuhkan oleh organ-organ tubuh, terutama otak sebagai
pusat kesadaran, kendali, dam koordinasi tubuh (Marieb, 2012).
Sel memerlukan energi untuk proses pertumbuhan,
mempertahankan diri, dan regenerasi. Sel-sel dalam tubuh kita
banyak memperoleh energi tersebut melalui mekanisme aerobik
yang melibatkan oksigen dan menghasilkan gas sisa yaitu
karbondioksida
Case Report: Situs Inversus Totalis
Full text linkBackground: The formation of human body
organs is not symmetrical. Even though the
human heart begins its formation in the
midline of the embryo, its formation will
move to the left side of the thoracic cavity
and looping will occur on the right. The
spleen is found alone on the left side of the
abdomen, the right liver lobe is formed
predominantly on the right side of the
abdomen, the colon will loop from right to
left in the abdominal cavity, and the right
lung has one more lobe than the left lung.
situs inversus is a condition where the
internal organs (viscera) occur in the thorax
and abdomen.
Case Description: An adult male cadaver
during dissection found abnormalities in the
location of organs in the thoracic and
abdominal cavities. It appears that this
cadaver has a heart located on the right, 3
lung lobes on the left side and 2 lung lobes
on the right side of the thoracic cavity. The
location of the liver is also visible on the left
side of the abdominal cavity, as well as the
position of the stomach and spleen which are
located on the right side of the abdominal
cavity. This can be related to congenital
abnormalities, namely autosomal recessive
genetic disorders.
Conclusion: The cadaver in this case
experienced situs inversus totalis, which is a
condition where internal (visceral) organs
occur in the thorax and abdomen, which is
also accompanied by dextrocardia. From the
case analysis, several possible causes of situs
inversus totalis were found, namely an
autosomal recessive disorder inherited from
both parents who are carriers. This genetic
disorder is inherited by parents who are
carriers and is related to disturbances in the
formation of the left and right axes of the
body during the formation of the embryo in
the womb.
Keywords: situs inversus totalis, congenital
abnormality, autosomal recessive genetic
disorde
The Impact of Proper Citation on Academic Integrity and Scholarship
Full text linkAims: to revisited the importance of citing the sources properly, discusses the noble human values
regarding citation and simple example of citation in the context of academic writing
Discussion: The importance of citations in academic writing offer clear and convincing evidence
which build on arguments and facts asserted carefully by authors in their academic writing. Beside
of that, a well-organized cited text-section also a conclusive evidence of acknowledges the
endeavor and hard work of previous scholars who had struggling published his/her work which is
now being quoted. Citations in academic writing are treasure references to all the sources an
author has used to support his/her own ideas and then carefully referred to during his/her writing on
a manuscript. authors have the obligation to supply references to all the published/unpublished
works they reviewed and used. The cited works can include books, research papers, websites, and other internet sources that writers ascribe to using certain citation styles/format. Actually, there are
differences in citation styles (APA, MLA, etc.) and their relevance in different academic contexts
literally make scholars and readers become more integrated in context. By citing properly, it
highlights a true noble human values such as honesty, resilience, hard work, humility, gratitude,
credibility, integrity, open-mindedness and obedience. This approach reveals an author’s academic
expertise, render rationality to a text and honor intellectual honesty. In other words, citations carry
critical significance in academic writing. The challenges or common pitfalls associated with
improper citation can be in the form of inappropriate misused of citing, which further slowing actual
progress in research and circulating unsupported beliefs. For academic writers, it is essential to
understand the grounds for this significance.
Conclusion: Citing the sources properly will help the author, the reader, the editors and the peer
reviewer and in the end, the entire scientific community reinforces a responsibility for ensuring that
the customs, traditions, and ethical standards that guide the whole process of accountable and
reliable academic writing products.
Keywords: Referencing; in text; paraphrasing; direct quotation; summarizing; noble human value
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