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Review Essay: Andy Clark, Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence.
No full textReview Essay: Andy Clark, Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence
Andy Clark and his critics
No full textAndy Clark is a leading philosopher and cognitive scientist. The fruits of his work have been diverse and lasting. They have had an extraordinary impact throughout philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and robotics. The extended mind hypothesis, the power of parallel distributed processing, the role of language in opening up novel paths for thinking, the flexible interface between biological minds and artificial technologies, the significance of representation in explanations of intelligent behaviour, the promise of the predictive processing framework to unify the cognitive sciences: these are just some of the ideas explored in Clark’s work that have been picked up by many researchers and that have been contributing to intense debate across the sciences of mind and brain. This volume provides the first interdisciplinary, critical engagement with Clark’s work; it includes contributions of authors from several disciplines, offering a fresh perspective on key questions in the sciences of mind and brain
Ciborgue: a mente estendida de Andy Clark
Full text linkThe cyborg theme, concerning the combination of organisms and machines, has
been extensively explored recently. In this text, the theme is once again discussed,
first, through a brief historical overview and, then, through a shift in the paradigm,
proposed by the philosopher of mind Andy Clark, known as Extended Mind or Activ
Externalism: it s not necessary for a man to have implants or chips in his body, to
receive a transplant or to use wearable computers to gain the status of cyborg. The
human being is naturally a cyborg, because it has always incorporated tools that
extend the mind. Therefore, there is a redefinition of the notion of mind, which frees
it from the limits of the skull and extends it to the limits of human action, involving
body, brain and world. The brain carries the fate of controlling this material mind,
upon which its existence dependsO tema do ciborgue, da mistura dos organismos com as máquinas, tem
sido bastante explorado nos dias atuais. Neste texto, o tema volta a ser
discutido, primeiramente, através de um breve panorama histórico e, em
seguida, através de uma quebra de paradigma, proposta pelo filósofo da
mente Andy Clark, conhecida como Mente Estendida ou Externalismo
Ativo: não é necessário que o humano porte implantes, chips, submeta-se
a transplantes ou use computadores vestíveis para que ganhe o estatuto
de ciborgue. O ser humano é, naturalmente, ciborgue, pois incorpora,
desde sempre, ferramentas que ampliam sua mente. Portanto, há uma
redefinição do conceito de mente, que a liberta dos limites da caixa
craniana e a estende até os limites da ação humana, abarcando corpo,
cérebro e mundo. Ao cérebro é dado o papel de controlador dessa mente
material, de cuja existência ela depend
Superando o cérebro: Andy Clark e a cognição corporeada
Full text linkWe discuss Andy Clark’s concept of embodied cognition and its relation to the body-mind problem. The objective is to define the concept, its related topics, and how it lay down new theoretical alternatives to that question. We expose its main theoretical influences, following this perspective’s understanding about the relationship between brain, cognition, and body. Comparing this concept with other cognitive theories, we finish the exposition by discussing the possibility of embedding this theoretical framework into cognitive sciences, psychology and psychoanalysis, while also analyzing its boundaries and potentialities for a new perspective on cognitive development.Discutimos el concepto de cognición corpórea de Andy Clark, y su relación con el problema cuerpo-mente. El objetivo es definir el concepto, los temas relacionados y cómo establece nuevas alternativas teóricas a ese problema. Exponemos sus principales influencias teóricas, siguiendo la comprensión de esta perspectiva sobre la relación entre cerebro, cognición y cuerpo. Se compara este concepto con otras teorías cognitivas, terminando la discusión exponiendo las posibilidades de la incorporación de este marco teórico en las ciencias cognitivas, psicología y psicoanálisis, mientras analizamos sus límites y potencialidades para una nueva perspectiva sobre el desarrollo cognitivo.O ensaio discute o conceito de cognição corporeada, de Andy Clark, e sua relação com a questão mente-corpo. Objetiva-se definir o conceito, temáticas com que conversa e como propõe novas alternativas teóricas para a questão, trazendo suas influências teóricas e, então, discutir como o cérebro, a cognição, o corpo e suas relações são localizadas nessa perspectiva. Compara-se o conceito com outras teorias cognitivas; terminando a exposição, discorrendo-se acerca da possibilidade de se incorporar esse enquadre teórico às Ciências Cognitivas, psicologia e psicanálise, discutindo-se, também, os limites e as potencialidades desse conceito para uma concepção renovada de desenvolvimento cognitivo
The contained conciousness. analysis of the problem of consciousness in the Andy Clark and David Chalmers’s extended mind hypothesis
Full text linkEl objetivo de este trabajo es, tras haber esbozado la noción de mente extendida propuesta
originalmente por Andy Clark y David Chalmers en su artículo «The extended mind» (1998),
exponer los argumentos que respaldan la creencia de una cognición extendida, así como
las visiones que se presentan críticas a esta postura. Tras ello nos introduciremos en el eje
central del ensayo, que versa sobre los argumentos a favor y en contra de la posibilidad de
una conciencia extendida fuera del sistema nervioso central.The aim of this work is, after having outlined the notion of extended mind originally pro-
posed by Andy Clark and David Chalmers in their article «The extended mind» (1998), to
expose the arguments that support the belief of extended cognition, as well as the critics of
this position. After that, we will enter to the main axis of the essay, which deals with the
arguments for and against the possibility of an extended consciousness outside the central
nervous system
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Learning Andy Clark & David Chalmers' 'The Extended Mind' through Christopher Nolan's Memento
No full textThis article presents a case for engaging with fictional narratives to teach philosophical concepts, specifically exploring Christopher Nolan’s Memento to teach concepts related to Andy Clark and David Chalmers’ ‘The Extended Mind Thesis’ (EMT). I contrast a ‘theoretical’ approach to teaching EMT—that is, teaching these concepts by engaging directly with Clark and Chalmers’ text—with an alternative that has students engage with the film. I argue this alternative is preferable in overcoming three barriers to learning that plague the theoretical approach: language, theoretical background, and passivity. I describe how EMT concepts could be taught without engaging with the film, but suggest that if one were to adopt this approach, the concepts would be limited in terms of how they relate to students, their accessibility, and what they ask of them. I argue that interacting with EMT concepts through Memento offers some distinct benefits when compared with the theoretical approach as it is better able to address the three barriers, offers a wider capacity for independent exploration, and catalyses emotional and intellectual interest by capitalizing on students’ knowledge and their appreciation of narratives. I gather my conclusions based on the two different approaches to learning EMT concepts before suggesting what further avenues could be explored in learning about related philosophical concepts through fiction. I argue that engaging with fictional narratives offers wider and longer lasting benefits, encouraging students to be more self-reliant and exploratory as they continue to learn philosophical concepts both during and upon completion of their studies
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