111 research outputs found
The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s
No full textIn this chapter, Andrew Heisz, Andrew Jackson and Garnet Picot provide an incisive and comprehensive analysis of the distributional changes that have occurred in Canada in the 1990s as well as useful comparative perspectives both in terms of trends over time and the particular patterns that can be discerned here relative to the situation in the United States. The authors focus on four aspects of distribution outcomes: (1) earnings and income inequality; (2) the relative earnings of the young and old and the more and less educated; (3) the changing relative position of men and women; and (4) changes in low income in Canada during the 1990s.Inequality, Equality, Earnings, Income, Canada, Distribution, Low Income, Low-income, Wages
Habiri and Hebrews
No full textU raspravi o značenju izraza Habiri i Hebreji (Jevreji) nadrabin dr Beno Heisz iznosi nekoliko naučnih mišljenja i istorijskih činjenica o njihovom poreklu. U uvodnom delu objašnjava da je opšta seoba semitskog naroda oko 2500 godine pre Hrista i seoba Izraelaca oko 1800. god. pre Hrista, promenila lice Prednje Azije i unela nov život i novu kulturu u područje Jordana. Glavno poprište istorijskih događaja bila je Palestina. Za njeno prisvajanje dugi niz godina naročito su se borili Hebreji i Filistejci. Palestina je od drevnih vremena bila raskrsnica naroda koji se se selili sa juga i severa. Mišljenja stručnjaka se razilaze po pitanjima ko su bili i odakle su Hebreji došli i da li su istovetni sa Izraelcima. Hebreji su živeli još i pre Abrahama, koji je sačinjavao samo jedno ugledno pleme među ostalim Hebrejima. Druga hebrejska plemena imala su po svoj prilici svoje sedište u Kananu, Egiptu i Vavilonu. Samo na taj način moglo bi se protumačiti večito iseljavanje i useljavanje starih Hebreja. Narodi koji su u 15. veku p.n.e preplavili stare kulturne zemlje, pokrenuli su i semitska plemena. Među njima su se naročito istakli "Habiri", koji su pozvali pojedine kraljeve u svoju zemlju, da ratuju sa susedima i ostalim neprijateljima. Jedno od mišljenja koje dr Heisz analizira je da su ovi (Habiri) po svoj prilici identični sa Hebrejima; dakle iza 1450. godine p.n.e. počinje prvo useljavanje Izraelaca, koje se završilo osnivanjem kraljevstva. Autor navodi delo Petera Thomsen-a "Pälestina und seine Kultur" in 5. Jahrtausende koji smatra da su Habiri, Hebreji i Izraelci jedan te isti narod, tj. da su se u početku zvali Habiri, kasnije Hebreji, a na kraju Izraelci. Ovo Thomsenovo mišljenje slede i prof. Gavro Manojlović u svom delu "Povijest staroga Orijenta" i prof. Sović u svom delu "Habiri i Izraelci". Iako dr Heisz smatra da je njihov rad značajan primećuje da ne postoji biblijsko-istorijska podloga i da tvrdnja ne odgovara istorijskim činjenicama. Dr Heisz smatra da je poistovećivanje Hebreja i Habira izmišljena hipoteza pošto se iz starog talmudskog izvora (Gitin, Jebamot, Kidušin) jasno vidi da su Habiri bili neki stari perzijski narod, koji je prema izraelskom ili judejskom narodu često bio neprijateljski raspoložen. U navedenom talmudskom izvoru su istodobno veoma lepo opisani religiozni običaji "Habira" i njihove religiozne ceremonije koje nemaju nikakve sličnosti sa religioznim običajima starih Hebreja.In the discussion on the meaning of the terms Habiri and Hebrews (Jews), Dr Rabbi Beno Heisz presents several scientific opinions and historical facts about their origin. In the introductory part, he explains that the general migration of the Semitic people around 2500 BC and the migration of Israelis around 1800. BC changed the face of Asia Minor and brought a new life and a new culture to the Jordan area. The main scene of historical events was Palestine. The Jews and the Philistines, in particular, fought for its appropriation for many years. Palestine has been a crossroads of peoples migrating from the south and the north since ancient times. Experts differ on who they were and where the Hebrews came from and whether they are identical with the Israelites. The Hebrews lived even before Abraham, who made up only one respectable tribe among the other Hebrews. Other Hebrew tribes probably had their headquarters in Canaan, Egypt, and Babylon. Only in this way could the eternal emigration and immigration of the ancient Hebrews be interpreted. The peoples who flooded the old cultural lands in the 15th century BC also started Semitic tribes. Among them, the "Habiri" stood out, who invited certain kings to their country to fight with their neighbours and other enemies. One of the opinions that Dr Heisz analyzes is that these (Habiri) are probably identical with the Hebrews; hence after 1450 p.n.e. the first immigration of the Israelites begins, which ends with the establishment of the kingdom. The author cites the work of Peter Thomsen "Pälestina und seine Kultur" in the 5th Jahrtausende, who believes that the Habirians, Hebrews and Israelis are one and the same people, ie. that in the beginning they were called Habiri, later Hebrews, and finally Israelis. This opinion of Thomsen is followed by prof. Gavro Manojlović in his work "History of the Old Orient" and prof. Sović in his work "Habiri and the Israelis". Although Dr Heisz considers their work significant, he notes that there is no biblical-historical basis and that the claim does not correspond to historical facts. Dr Heisz believes that the identification of Hebrews and Habir is a fictional hypothesis since the old Talmudic source (Gittin, Jebamot, Kiddushin) clearly shows that the Habiri were an ancient Persian people, who were often hostile to the people of Israel or Judah. At the same time, the above-mentioned Talmudic source very nicely describes the religious customs of the "Habir" and their religious ceremonies, which bear no resemblance to the religious customs of the ancient Hebrews
Guide de l'utilisateur : la duree du chomage
No full textLe present document expose une nouvelle methode de mesure de la duree moyenne des periodes de chomage en se fondant sur des donnees recueillies au Canada. Il resume en termes generaux les travaux de Corak (1993) ainsi que de Corak et Heisz (1994) portant sur la periode moyenne complete de chomage, c'est-a-dire qu'il met l'accent sur la distinction entre cette derniere et la periode moyenne incomplete de chomage, donnees qui sont diffusees regulierement par Statistique Canada. Il convient de signaler que cette derniere moyenne est un indicateur cyclique tardif. La periode moyenne complete de chomage est un indicateur plus exact de la situation qui prevaut sur le marche du travail, mais certaines hypotheses qu'il faut poser pour l'etablir laissent egalement croire qu'elle presente un decalage par rapport a la realite.Data analysis, Employment and unemployment, Labour, Labour mobility, turnover and work absences, Statistical methods
The Duration of Unemployment: A User Guide
No full textThe objective of this paper is to introduce in a new measure of the average duration of unemployment spells using Canadian data. The paper summarizes the work of Corak (1993) and Corak and Heisz (1994) on the average complete duration of unemployment in a non-technical way by focusing on the distinction between it and the average incomplete duration of unemployment, which is regularly released by Statistics Canada. It is pointed out that the latter is a lagging cyclical indicator. The average complete duration of unemployment is a more accurate indicator of prevailing labour market conditions, but some assumptions required in its derivation also imply that it lags actual developments.Data analysis, Employment and unemployment, Labour, Labour mobility, turnover and work absences, Statistical methods
The Intergenerational Earnings and Income Mobility of Canadian
No full textOur objective is to obtain an accurate estimate of the degree of intergenerational income mobility in Canada. We use income tax information on about 400,000 father-son pairs, and find intergenerational earnings elasticities to be about 0.2. Earnings mobility tends to be slightly greater than income mobility, but non- parametric techniques uncover significant non-linearities in both of these relationships. Intergenerational earnings mobilty is greater at the lower end of the income distribution than at the upper end, and displays an inverted V-shape elsewhere. Intergenerational income mobility follows roughly the same pattern, but is much lower at the top of the income distribution.Intergenerational Income Mobility, Income Distribution, Nonparametric regression
Changes in Job Tenure and Job Stability in Canada
No full textUsing monthly data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey the author investigates changes in the complete lengths of new job spells from 1981 through 1994. While the average complete length of new jobs did not increase or decrease over the period, changes in the distribution of complete job lengths suggest that there is an increase in the proportion of short-term jobs and a decrease in the proportion of medium term jobs created over the period. The proportion of long-term jobs remained unchanged. This pattern of change was found among all virtually all demographic subgroups examined suggesting that an economy wide (rather than a sectoral or demographic) explanation must be sought.Employment and unemployment, Labour, Labour mobility, turnover and work absences, Work transitions and life stages
Changes in Job Duration in Canada
No full textLa présente recherche vient combler une lacune dans la littérature. En effet, la plupart des études récentes sur le sujet négligent le problème de l'estimation de la durée moyenne de l'emploi. Partant des données mensuelles de l'Enquête sur la population active du Canada, le présent article étudie la façon dont la stabilité de l'emploi a varié entre 1981 et 1996. Pour ce faire, (1) on examine la fluctuation de la durée complète d'un nouvel emploi et (2) on analyse directement les changements subis par la fonction de survie de l'emploi. L'étude est basée sur un échantillon prélevé à partir de l'enquête sur la population active et comprenant des travailleurs âgés entre 15 et 64 ans, ne retournant pas aux études et n'étant pas étudiant à temps plein.On s'accorde généralement à dire que les emplois stables à long terme sont de plus en plus rares dans les années 90. Cette impression n'est peut-être pas sans fondement. Bon nombre d'analystes du marché du travail croient en effet que les employeurs adaptent leurs effectifs en fonction des fluctuations de la demande, si bien qu'on assiste à une diminution de l'offre du nombre d'emplois à long terme. L'évidence toutefois pointe dans une autre direction, et ce, dans toutes les industries examinées.D'après cette étude, deux tendances se dégagent. La première, apparue durant la période couvrant les années 1981 à 1991, est caractérisée par des emplois de courtes durées. La deuxième, qui prit son essor suivant la récession de 1991, montre une hausse dans la probabilité qu'un emploi, une fois franchi le cap des six mois, dure 5 ans ou plus. Cette dernière tendance a persisté, et a éventuellement pris de l'ampleur, durant toute la période étudiée. Les effets de ces deux tendances sont clairs: (1) une évolution d'emplois à moyen terme vers des emplois de courte durée entre 1981 et 1991 ; et (2) un glissement de la tendance au milieu des années 90 vers des emplois à plus long terme.Cette dernière tendance affecte presque tous les sous-groupes de la population examinés. Les seules exceptions concernent les personnes qui ont plus de 55 ans au début de l'emploi et celles qui ont un niveau de scolarité peu élevé, où les changements dessinent une tendance plus nette vers les emplois à court terme. Quoique ce résultat nous amène à croire que les emplois de longue durée détenus par les travailleurs âgés courent plus de risques de disparaître aujourd'hui qu'au début des années 80, cette tendance chez les travailleurs âgés ayant beaucoup plus d'ancienneté, nous donne à penser qu'elle pourrait largement résulter d'une plus grande prévalence des retraites anticipées. Par ailleurs, il ne semble pas que la stabilité des emplois soit en déclin dans une ou plusieurs des industries examinées. En général, les tendances que nous venons de décrire sont cohérentes avec d'autres tendances qui ont vu le jour dans l'économie. Parmi elles, on remarque notamment l'augmentation des emplois atypiques, la polarisation des gains et des heures de travail et le recours croissant des entreprises à un noyau d'employés permanents. De plus, les conclusions de la présente étude contredisent les résultats d'études comparables portant sur des données américaines, mais ces travaux ne permettent pas d'examiner les changements subis par les emplois de moins de quatre ans. Cependant, il reste à expliquer les facteurs à l'origine des changements observés. Quoique le présent article ne tente pas d'identifier des causes en particulier, les preuves suggèrent qu'on doit ces changements à des facteurs qui touchent l'économie dans son ensemble plutôt qu'au seul niveau d'un secteur ou d'un groupe démographique.Using monthly data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey, the author investigates changes in the complete duration of new job spells from 1981 through 1996. While the average complete length of new jobs did not increase or decrease over the period, investigation of the distribution of complete job lengths reveals two important changes. First, the probability that a new job would end within 6 months rose during the 1980s, but then reversed during the 1990s, meaning that there was important change over the period as a whole. Second, the conditional probability that a job that had lasted 6 months would continue on past 5 years rose through the whole period. This pattern of change was found among virtually all demographic subgroups examined, suggesting that an economy-wide (rather than a sectoral or demographic) explanation must be sought.Utilizado datos del estudio mensual sobre la fuerza laboral canadiense, el autor analiza los cambios en la longevidad de los empleos durante el periodo de 1981 a 1996. Aun y cuando la longevidad média de todos los empleos creados durante este periodo no sufriò cambios significativos, la investigaciòn de la distribuciòn de la longevidad a través los diferentes empleos creados révéla dos situaciones de interés. Primera, la probabilidad de que un nuevo empleo acabara durante los primeros seis meses del ejercicio aumento durante la década de los ochenta, pero esta tendencia se vio invertida durante la década de los noventa de manera que la média se estabilizo de nuevo a los nivelés anteriores. Segunda, la aumentaciòn constante de la probabilidad de que un empleo que paso a través de la barra de los seis meses, duraria mas de 5 anos y esto de manera constante durante todo el période Estos paramétras de variaciòn se encontraron a través todos los subgrupos demogràficos examinados lo que sugiere que la respuesta a estas condiciones se encuentra en un anàlisis de la economìa en gênerai en lugar de en un anàlisis sectorial
Cohort Effects in Annual Earnings by Field of Study Among British Columbia University Graduates
No full textUsing a dataset which combines the 1982-1997 tax records and administrative records of British Columbia bachelor's graduates from the classes of 1974-1996, this study examine the real annual earnings of graduates across 20 major fields of study for significant changes in earnings across cohorts. Male graduates in more recent cohorts had lower mean earnings after graduation but higher returns to experience. Recent cohorts of women graduates had equal earnings levels after graduation and higher returns to experience. Mean earnings differed among fields of study, favouring applied degrees in teacher training, commerce, engineering, nursing and medical sciences, but cohort effects were statistically identical for graduates from all fields of study. These results show no evidence of a major change in earnings consistent with a decline in returns to a university education, or a shift in demand favouring specific degrees.Education, training and learning, Fields of study, Job training and educational attainment, Labour, Outcomes of education, Wages, salaries and other earnings
The Evolution of Job Stability in Canada: Trends and Comparisons to U.S. Results
No full textUsing data from the 1976-1999 Canadian Labour Force Survey, we examine the stability of currently held jobs in a manner similar to Diebold, Neumark and Polsky (1997) and Neumark, Polsky and Hansen (1999) who analyzed data from the U.S. Current Population Survey. We find that although the current distribution of in-progress job tenures is filling up with more long jobs, and more shorter jobs - suggesting a polarization of job tenure, the stability of currently held jobs has remained quite stable over the period. A closer look reveals two phases in the Canadian data. The period 1977 to 1993 was characterized by declining job stability. Examining the data by current job tenure, we see a declining stability of short jobs - those less than one year in length were less likely to last one more year in at the end of the 1980s (and beginning of the 1990s) than in the late 1970s. At the same time jobs between one and two years long tended to become more stable - becoming more likely to last one more year by 1993. The second phase - 1993-1999 - was characterized by a reversal of these trends such that by the end of the period, jobs of all lengths were equally as stable as in the late 1970s. Declines across the 1980s in job stability were concentrated in low education, older and younger groups but job stability grew most for these same groups in the 1990s. Following U.S. methods allows us to undertake an international comparison. We find that while job stability changes were similar in the two countries between 1987 and 1991, job stability rose relative to the United States between 1991 and 1995. We speculate that this difference is due to a relatively deeper recession in Canada in the early 1990s, and a relatively slow recovery in the mid 1990s.Employment and unemployment, Globalization and the labour market, Labour, Labour mobility, turnover and work absences
Perspectives des bacheliers de la Colombie-Britannique sur le plan des revenus
No full textAvec l'aide d'un nouvel ensemble de donnees qui combine les dossiers d'impot de 1982 a 1997 et les dossiers administratifs de bacheliers de la Colombie-Britannique des promotions 1974 a 1996, on examine le revenu reel tire du marche du travail de ces diplomes, en me concentrant sur les changements observes sur le plan des revenus entre les cohortes de titulaires d'un tel diplome et sur les differences entre les principaux domaines d'etude ou les principales disciplines. Le revenu annuel reel des cohortes plus recentes des diplomes des deux sexes de la Colombie-Britannique a baisse apres l'obtention par les bacheliers de leur diplome, baisse qui est toutefois finalement contrebalancee par un taux plus eleve d'augmentation de leurs revenus. Les revenus annuels des titulaires d'un grade applique, dans les disciplines du genie, de l'education et des sciences de la sante, par exemple, sont aussi relativement eleves apres l'obtention de leur diplome; les revenus de toutes les cohortes de diplomes convergent cependant a mesure qu'elles vieillissent. La premiere constatation est en desaccord avec celles de Beaudry et de Green (1997); ces derniers ont constate que la remuneration hebdomadaire de toutes les cohortes de diplomes universitaires de sexe masculin baissait, sans qu'il y ait une augmentation du taux de croissance de leurs revenus qui aurait contrebalance cette baisse (les resultats de Beaudry et de Green pour les femmes etaient cependant plus similaires aux miens). Les differences entre leurs constatations et celles qu'on fait ici peuvent etre attribuables a l'utilisation dans le present document du revenu annuel comme mesure des resultats, ou a son point de mire, axe sur les resultats des etudiants de la Colombie-Britannique, plutot que sur des resultats nationaux.Education, training and learning, Job training and educational attainment, Labour, Outcomes of education, Wages, salaries and other earnings
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