99 research outputs found
Regulatory Competition or Harmonisation: The Dilemma, the Alternatives and the Prospect of Reflexive Harmonisation
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El derecho de acceso a la justicia través de un recurso judicial efectivo: Estableciendo la comparación entre los Tribunales de Luxemburgo y Estrasburgo
No full textIn the realm of human rights and justice, the fundamental principle of the right to access the court through an effective legal remedy holds utmost significance. This article engages in a comparative analysis between the Court of Justice of the EU in Luxembourg, and the Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, in terms of their role in safeguarding this crucial right. By examining their jurisdictional differences, enforcement mechanisms, and approaches to ensuring access to justice, the analysis aims to shed light on the unique dynamics of these two influential Courts. The article not only explores the legal pathways available to individuals seeking remedies for rights’ violations, but also examines the broader implications for the protection of human rights across the European continent. Through an examination of the relevant case law, procedural intricacies, and overarching principles, this article offers a comprehensive insight into the methods employed by the two Courts to uphold the right to an effective legal remedy, thus ultimately contributing to an understanding of the complex landscape of European legal protection, particularly in light of the upcoming EU accession to the European Convention on Human Rights.En el ámbito de los derechos humanos y la justicia, el principio fundamental del derecho de acceso a los tribunales mediante un recurso judicial efectivo reviste la máxima importancia. Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo entre el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, con sede en Luxemburgo, y el Tribunal de Derechos Humanos, con sede en Estrasburgo, en cuanto a su papel en la salvaguarda de este derecho crucial. Mediante el examen de sus diferencias jurisdiccionales, mecanismos de ejecución y enfoques para garantizar el acceso a la justicia, el análisis pretende arrojar luz sobre la dinámica única de estos dos influyentes tribunales. El artículo explora las vías legales disponibles para las personas que buscan reparación por violaciones de sus derechos y examina las implicaciones más amplias para la protección de los derechos humanos en el continente europeo. A través de un examen de la jurisprudencia pertinente, las complejidades procesales y los principios generales, este artículo ofrece una visión global de los métodos empleados por los dos tribunales para defender el derecho a un recurso judicial efectivo, contribuyendo así en última instancia a la comprensión del complejo panorama de la protección jurídica europea, en especial con vistas a la próxima adhesión de la Unión Europea al Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos.
Accountability and multinational corporations: Minding the gap and mechanisms for responsible business
No full textIn today\u27s global economy, multinational corporations (MNCs) wield substantial influence across industries, economies, and societies worldwide. This article addresses the vital issue of holding MNCs accountable for their actions. As MNCs navigate complex supply chains, diverse stakeholders, and intricate operational structures, the imperative for ethical, environmental, and social compliance becomes pronounced. The challenge lies in establishing accountability for these transnational entities, given the limitations of traditional regulatory frameworks. Various mechanisms have emerged to bridge this accountability gap, encompassing domestic and international regulations, industry-led initiatives, and civil society interventions. This article offers an inclusive overview of these mechanisms, analysing their strengths and limitations, and assessing their real-world efficacy. By examining the diverse approaches, the article contributes to discussions on fostering responsibility in an interconnected business landscape.En la economía global actual, las corporaciones multinacionales (CMN) ejercen una influencia sustancial en industrias, economías y sociedades de todo el mundo. Este artículo aborda la cuestión vital de responsabilizar a las empresas multinacionales por sus acciones. Lo anterior, debido a que, a medida que las multinacionales navegan por complejas cadenas de suministro y por diversas partes interesadas y estructuras operativas intrincadas; el imperativo de cumplimiento ético, ambiental y social se vuelve inminente. El desafío radica en establecer la rendición de cuentas de estas entidades transnacionales, dadas las limitaciones de los marcos regulatorios tradicionales. Han surgido varios mecanismos para cerrar esta brecha de rendición de cuentas, que abarcan regulaciones nacionales e internacionales, iniciativas lideradas por la industria e intervenciones de la sociedad civil. Este artículo ofrece una descripción general inclusiva de estos mecanismos (...
Accountability and multinational corporations: minding the gap and mechanisms for responsible business
No full textIn today’s global economy, Multinational Corporations (MNCs) wield substantial influence across industries, economies, and societies worldwide. This article addresses the vital issue of holding MNCs accountable for their actions. As MNCs navigate complex supply chains, diverse stakeholders, and intricate operational structures, the imperative for ethical, environmental, and social compliance becomes pronounced. The challenge lies in establishing accountability for these transnational entities, given the limitations of traditional regulatory frameworks. Various mechanisms have emerged to bridge this accountability gap, encompassing domestic and international regulations, industry-led initiatives, and civil society interventions. This article offers an inclusive overview of these mechanisms, analysing their strengths and limitations, and assessing their real-world efficacy. By examining the diverse approaches, the article contributes to discussions on fostering responsibility in an interconnected business landscapeEn la economía global actual, las corporaciones multinacionales (CMN) ejercen una influencia sustancial en industrias, economías y sociedades de todo el mundo. Este artículo aborda la cuestión vital de responsabilizar a las empresas multinacionales por sus acciones. Lo anterior, debido a que, a medida que las multinacionales navegan por complejas cadenas de suministro y por diversas partes interesadas y estructuras operativas intrincadas; el imperativo de cumplimiento ético, ambiental y social se vuelve inminente. El desafío radica en establecer la rendición de cuentas de estas entidades transnacionales, dadas las limitaciones de los marcos regulatorios tradicionales. Han surgido varios mecanismos para cerrar esta brecha de rendición de cuentas, que abarcan regulaciones nacionales e internacionales, iniciativas lideradas por la industria e intervenciones de la sociedad civil. Este artículo ofrece una descripción general inclusiva de estos mecanismos, analiza sus fortalezas y limitaciones y evalúa su eficacia en el mundo real. Al examinar los diversos enfoques, el artículo contribuye a los debates sobre el fomento de la responsabilidad en un panorama empresarial interconectad
Money laundering and sanctions enforcement : large rewards, leniency and witness protection for whistleblowers
No full textPurpose – With sanctions becoming an increasingly important tool in ostracising autocratic regimes from western markets, the need for effective enforcement of sanctions and anti-money laundering (AML) is increasing, and the global AML regime will be the backbone to detecting evasion of sanctions. This regime, however, has been widely criticised as ineffective. This paper aims to discuss issues with the current sanctions/AML regime and propose a reward scheme for whistleblowers to enable asset seizures that is not reliant on its effectiveness.Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews weaknesses in the global AML regime, provide suggestions on how to design whistleblower reward programmes, based on agency experience and empirical evidence, as well as elaborate on how to use such programmes in the AML context.Findings – This study concludes that for reward programmes to be effective in the context of AML and sanctions enforcement, they need to include witness protection and leniency for money launderers, though not for those convicted of a criminal offence associated with the predicate crime. Moreover, rewards should be mandatory and scale with the amount of money seized or confiscated, and the cap on monetary rewards should be higher than it is under the Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Rewards Programme in the USA.Originality/value – In contrast to how the USA went about implementing rewards in this area under the Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Rewards Programme, this study argues that these programmes should be designed differently. This study also provides novel advice to governments on different design dimensions in the AML context and a model with three crucial pillars along with other design dimensions that should be considered.</p
A novel Bayesian strategy for the identification of spatially-varying parameters and model validation in inverse problems: an application to elastography
No full textThe present paper proposes a novel Bayesian, computational strategy in the context of model-based inverse problems in elastostatics. On one hand we attempt to provide probabilistic estimates of the material properties and their spatial variability that account for the various sources of uncertainty. On the other hand we attempt to address the question of model fidelity in relation to the experimental reality and particularly in the context of the material constitutive law adopted. This is especially important in biomedical settings when the inferred material properties will be used to make decisions/diagnoses. We propose an expanded parametrization that enables the quantification of model discrepancies in addition to the constitutive parameters. We propose scalable computational strategies for carrying out inference and learning tasks and demonstrate their effectiveness in numerical examples with noiseless and noisy synthetic data.<br/
Hertzian Fields: Exploring WiFi microwave signals as a spatial and embodied sensing medium for art
No full textThesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2023This dissertation is centered around a series of three artworks (Hertzian Fields) that explore WiFi as a spatial and embodied sensing medium. These works use a new sensing technique developed by the author that leverages the interference of the human body on WiFi signals to create highly responsive live performance and interactive systems. Hertzian Field #1 (2014) is an augmented reality immersive environment using sound to explore the materiality of WiFi communication through its interaction with space and the human body. Hertzian Field #2 (2016) is a 20'-25' augmented reality immersive performance for solo performer, WiFi fields, computers and surround sound that conjures a phenomenology of the hertzian medium explored through sound and movement. The Water Within (Hertzian Field #3 and #3.1) is a reactive wet sauna: an intimate multi-sensory environment of complete immersion, combining WiFi sensing fields, machine listening software, embedded 3D sound, hot steam, and architectural design. Steered by the flows and variable densities of water molecules traced in steam and bodies by (ab)using WiFi, it creates a regenerative post-relational experience that celebrates interference, signal-loss, and disconnecting. The piece exists in two iterations and formats: an interactive installation (2016) and a composed interactive experience (2018).
The dissertation describes the author's conceptual and technical approach in using WiFi microwave signals as an artistic medium. It also examines the background, context, ideas and research processes that led to the creation of these works. In doing so, it lays the foundation for developing a better and deeper understanding of microwaves and WiFi signals, investigates their artistic potential, and discusses related approaches by other artists.
Chapter One (Introduction: The hertzian medium) introduces core ideas and concepts regarding the medium. This includes: a discussion on the impact of wirelessness in contemporary living and how it has transformed our interactions with and understanding of the world; an overview of the physics of electromagnetism and the electromagnetic spectrum; and an investigation of the hertzian (i.e. radio and microwaves) as a multilayered medium consisting of seven interconnected layers: physics, science, imagination, engineering, use, impact, regulation.
Chapter Two (The birth of a medium: Energy becomes technology) introduces a media archaeological approach as a method for grasping what the medium affords, and how our imagination of what we can use it for has developed over time. It presents an overview of key developments in hertzian science, imagined and realized applications, and their impact. This chapter focuses primarily on the early years around Heinrich Hertz’s discovery of electromagnetism, looking at the birth of wireless technologies relevant to the Hertzian Field series: communication, broadcast, hacking and electronic warfare, navigation, meteorology, radio astronomy, and radar, before closing with a section on the development of WiFi.
Chapter Three (Radar and Direction-Finding in sonic art and beyond) surveys musical instruments and artworks based on spatial and/or embodied uses of the hertzian as a sensing medium. The emphasis is on sound-centric practices and specific technologies that have been used to this extent: from capacitative / electric field sensing, to musical instruments utilizing direction-finding principles, to spatial uses of broadcast radio, to doppler radar systems. Instruments discussed include: Theremin and Terpsitone; Pupitre d'Espace; Radio Baton; Marimba Lumina. Artworks by the following artists are examined: Max Neuhaus; Edwin van der Heide; Christina Kubisch; John Cage; Philippa Cullen; Liz Phillips; Sonia Cillari; Tetsuo Kogawa; Anna Friz; Edward Ihnatowicz; Steve Mann; Joe Paradiso / MIT Lab; Arthur Elsenaar; Godfried-Willem Raes.
Chapter Four (First hertzian explorations: From the network to the body, from WiFi to Radar) turns to the author's own work. It presents the first phase (2010-14) of his research trajectory on the hertzian medium, and introduces three projects in which he explored WiFi and broadcast radio.
Chapter Five (Ubiquitous sensing with radio waves and microwaves) dives into the technological context influencing the author's research. It introduces the field of Ubiquitous Sensing and discusses relevant localization and device-free sensing techniques, concluding with a discussion on the physics and biological factors involved so as to comprehend how and why such techniques work.
Chapter Six (Wireless Information Retrieval: Sensing with WiFi signals) presents the device-free WiFi-sensing technique that the author developed for the Hertzian Field series. Combining elements from Ubiquitous Sensing and Music Information Retrieval, this technique performs multi-layered feature extraction on the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) of WiFi Beacon frames to deduce a variety of information related to the movement of uninstrumented bodies, and to changes in environmental factors (e.g. humidity).
Chapter Seven (Composing Hertzian Fields) discusses strategies for creating works with this technique, and examines the three works of the Hertzian Field series in detail. It finally touches on ideas for future work by the author
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