1,720,955 research outputs found
O uso de bombas cluster na guerra da Ucrânia: análise da moral e do processo de legitimação do fornecimento estadunidense a Kiev
No full textThe article focuses on the U.S. government's decision to supply cluster bombs to Ukraine amidst the conflict with Russia. The measure sparked controversy due to the risk these weapons pose to civilians and the stigmatization of this type of armament following the creation of the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions. This article analyzes the ethical and moral issues concerning the nature and use of cluster bombs, explores the U.S. stance on this weaponry, and discusses the internal legitimization process of the decision in the U.S. The research draws on relevant academic studies on morality and the technological design of weapons, various positions of analysts and U.S. congress members, the analysis of U.S. domestic legal frameworks, and the literature on the legitimacy and legitimization of political actions. We conclude that the Biden administration’s decision was facilitated by the convergence of four main factors: it was morally disregarded and justified as militarily necessary, legally authorized, and politically legitimized.O artigo tem como objeto a decisão do governo Biden de fornecer bombas cluster à Ucrânia em meio ao conflito com a Rússia. A medida foi alvo de controvérsia devido ao risco que estas armas significam para os civis e pela estigmatização deste armamento após a criação da Convenção sobre Munições Cluster de 2008. Este artigo investiga questões éticas e morais concernentes à natureza e ao uso de bombas cluster, explora o posicionamento dos EUA em relação a este armamento, e debate o processo de legitimação interna da decisão nos Estados Unidos. Busca-se compreender como a decisão do governo Biden foi legitimada e possibilitada. Trata-se de uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, baseada em análise documental e revisão bibliográfica, a partir de trabalhos científicos pertinentes aos temas de moral e desenho tecnológico de armas, dos diferentes posicionamentos de analistas e congressistas nos EUA, da análise de dispositivos legais domésticos dos EUA, e da literatura sobre legitimidade e processo de legitimação da ação política. Concluímos que a decisão do governo Biden foi viabilizada pela interação entre fatores morais, legais e políticos, que minimizaram a resistência quanto ao envio deste armamento e possibilitaram sua aceitação
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Power through force: analysis of the russian military reform and its relation to the international position of the country
No full textA pesquisa tem como objeto de análise a reforma militar da Rússia em curso desde outubro de 2008 e sua relação com o posicionamento do país no Sistema Internacional do século XXI. Como objetivo geral, a pesquisa se propõe a entender como o governo russo utiliza de sua capacidade militar como ferramenta de política externa. A hipótese principal é que o aparato militar é de uso instrumental para a execução da política externa do Kremlin, que ampara a defesa de seus interesses político-securitários no intuito de posicionar Moscou como um dos polos de poder a ser reconhecido pelas outras potências, permitindo sua participação no concerto global. A segunda hipótese é de que a necessidade de incrementar sua força como mecanismo de garantia da defesa de seus interesses se baseia na percepção de Moscou acerca de sua insegurança no contexto pós-Guerra Fria, marcada pela supremacia militar estadunidense e sua própria debilidade nesse quesito. A terceira hipótese é de que o aumento da capacidade militar russa não significa uma tendência de política imperialista de restauração formal do Estado soviético, tampouco uma disposição de enfrentamento direto com os Estados Unidos. A pesquisa é feita a partir da revisão da literatura especializada no assunto, constituída por livros, artigos científicos, relatórios de centros de pesquisa sobre assuntos militares e documentos oficiais de Defesa da Federação Russa. A análise é baseada no método hipotético-dedutivo e feita à luz da abordagem realista neoclássica das Relações Internacionais, pautada nos conceitos de unipolaridade de Wohlforth, e força, poder e potência segundo Raymond Aron. A pesquisa conclui que a política militar russa consiste em uma estratégia defensiva a partir da utilização de abordagens assimétricas em seu favor, que buscam impedir a ação da OTAN em regiões consideradas de interesse e influência da Rússia. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa propõe o entendimento da Rússia como uma potência defensiva, reativa e negativa. Essa asserção se dá a partir de um aparato militar suficientemente capacitado para não se submeter à imposição de vontades e interesses de outras potências e garantir a soberania doméstica do país a partir das possibilidades de atuação de Moscou no contexto internacional de assimetria de capacidades, característica da unipolaridade do Sistema Internacional do pós-Guerra Fria.The research analyses the Russian military reform which has been taking place since October 2008 and its relation to the country’s position in the International System in the 21st Century. The main objective of this study is to understand how the Russian government makes use of its military capabilities as a foreign policy tool. The primary hypothesis is that Russian military apparatus is used by the Kremlin as an instrumental means in order to protect its political-security interests and to assure Moscow’s position as a pole of power in the International System which should be recognized by other great powers, thereby allowing its participation in the global political concert. The secondary hypothesis posits that the necessity of enhancing its military capabilities in order to guarantee the protection of its interests derives from Moscow's perception of insecurity since the outset of the post-Cold War period symbolized by the military supremacy of the United States and Russian debilities in this matter. The tertiary hypothesis is that this enhancement neither means that Russian government is advancing an imperialistic foreign policy towards the formal restoration of Soviet state nor is it willing to directly engage in a conflict with the United States. This research is based on literature review consisting mostly of books, scientific papers and reports made by research centers specialized on military affairs. Besides that, official Defense documents published by Russian Federation are utilized. The method of analysis is hypothetical-deductive and the Neoclassical Realism School of International Relations assumptions underpin the study. Specifically, the concepts of unipolarity according to Wohlforth and force and power as in Raymond Aron’s work are used. The investigation concludes that Russian military policy consists in a defensive strategy conducted by the utilization of asymmetrical approaches that aim to stall NATO’s action in geopolitical areas considered by Moscow as its zone of privileged interests and influence. Therefore, the study advances the argument that Russia should be understood as a defensive, reactive and negative power. This assertion assumes that Russian military is as sufficiently strong as it needs to be in order to guarantee its domestic sovereignty and to not be subjugated by other great power’s interests in the international context of post-Cold War, which features asymmetrical capabilities and the unipolarity, reducing Russian possibilities of action.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)CAPES: 88882.434655/2019-0
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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