84 research outputs found
The Emirate of Damascus in the early Crusading period, 488-549/1095-1154
No full textThis study "The Emirate of Damascus During the Early
Crusading Period 488-549/1095-1154 deals with this
Emirate which was established in 488/1095, after the
defeat and the murder of Taj al-Dawla Tutush near Rayy
in 488/1095 by his nephew Sultan Berkiyaruq Ibn Sult-an
Malik-Sh5h. The dominions of Ti al-Dawla, mainly in
Syria and the Jazira divided between his elder sons King
Fakhr al-Mullik Ridwan in Aleppo and King Shams al-Muliik
Ducfaq in Damascus. The Kingdom of Damascus comprized
south Syria and some parts of the Jazira such as al-
Rahba and Mayyafäriqin.
Zahir al-Din Tughtekln, who was Atabek of King Duclaq, became the de facto ruler of Damascus during the
reign of King Duqaq 488-497/1095-1104. After the death
of Duqaq, Tughtekin was to be the real Amir of Damascus,
and his dynasty was to gain control of the Emirate until
its fall at the hands of Niir al-Din Mahmild of Aleppo in
549/1154.
In this thesis, the following matters are discussed:
1. The conditions which led to the foundation of this
Emirate.
2. The role of Tughtekin in establishing his authority
in the Emirate.
3. The foreign policy of the Emirate, and the factors
which shaped this policy.
4. The effects (on the Emirate) of the coming of the
Crusaders particularly those of Jerusalem.
S. Internal rivalries in the Emirate, and their
influence on the stability of the Emirate and its
external relations.
6. The policy of alliances adopted by the Emirate and
the factors which affected this.
7. The influence of the growing power of Zangi of
Aleppo and Mosul (521-541/1127-1146) on Damascus and
why he did not succeed in annexing Damascus to his
united front in Syria and the Jazira aimed at
challenging the power of the Crusaders.
8. The reasons which helped Mir al-Din Mahmüd Ibn Zangi
of Aleppo to annex Damascus to his state in
549/1154.
9. The importance of the military power of Damascus and
Its role in protecting the Emirate.
Finally a concluding section sums up the achievement
of the Emirate of Damascus in maintaining its
Independence during the period and the role of the
Emirate in the Counter-Crusade
Al-Sharif Al-Radi: His Life and Poetry
No full textThe aim of this work is to study al-Sharif al-Radl, his life and poetry. The first part deals with the poet’s environment and life; the second with his poetry. Chapter I deals with the political conditions under which the poet lived. The purpose of the second chapter is to portray Al-Radl's social environment and its reflection in contemporary poetry. The third chapter describes the literary environment of Al-Radl's age at some length. The fourth chapter aims to study Al-Radl's life in detail. The factors which influenced his outlook and personality are discussed. An attempt is made to discern how far these factors affected his poetry. The second part of this work deals with Al-Radl's poetry itself. In Chapter V historical observations are made on Al-Radl's Diwan o in both manuscript and published forms. Chapter VI deals with his panegyrics. General remarks are made on eulogy in Arabic poetry. The content, form and development of Al-Radl's panegyrical odes are analysed. His Ikhwaniyyat receive special attention. Chapter VII deals with Al-Radl's self-praise its content and form. An endeavour is made to explore the Utopian world which the poet tried to portray, Al-Radl's elegies (Ch. VIII). their content, form and characteristics are reviewed. In addition, his dirges on women receive attention. Shi ism in Al-Radl’s poetry is discussed in Chapter IX, Al-Radl’s love-poetry (Ch. X) is discussed. His Hijaziyyat receive particular attention. It is claimed that Al-Radl’s produced in his Hijaaiyyat a poetical amalgam which contains some aspects of ‘Udhrite and ’Umarite poetry. Chapter II deals with Al-Radl's poetical technique. His theories of poetical composition and his comments on other poets are examined. A comparison is made between Al-Radl and other poets both previous and contemporary. Special attention is paid to al-Mutanabbi's influence. In Chapter XII there is a broad re-assessment of Al-Radl’s place in the history of Arabic poetry
Saudi poetry in the last quarter of the 20th century : a creative analysis
No full textThe aim of this study is to analyse Saudi poetry in the last quarter of the 20th century, in the light of its historical, cultural and desert dimensions, using the
Fugitive Meaning Approach, which was based on Structural Stylistics and Creative Thinking. After describing the history and literary evolution in Saudi Arabia in
Chapters One and Two, and explaining the Fugitive Meaning Approach and reviewing the literature in Chapters Three and Four, the four main poetic phenomena in Saudi poetry in the selected period have been studied. The four poetic phenomena, analysed in Chapters Five to Eight, are the qualitative employment of popular heritage, affiliation and the domination of anxiety, Saudi women and the
inevitable conflict, and vagueness and the adventure of distinction.
Chapter One sets out the historical and cultural background
of Saudi Arabia during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. It focuses on the 20th century by classifying modern Saudi history into five stages, in which some developmental factors and aspects have been included.
Chapter Two examines the stages of literary evolutions in Saudi Arabia: Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Modernism. It focuses on the Modernist period in the country, including its history, and general features, such as revolutionary spirit, vagueness, conflict and renewal.
In Chapter Three, the Fugitive Meaning Approach, which is based on Structural Stylistics, as a linguistics background, and Creative Thinking, as a means of analysing
literary texts, has been described. After explaining Stylistics with its common features, such as foregrounding, deviation and parallelism, Structuralism, Structural Stylistics, Creative Thinking, with its principles, devices, fields and stages, the chapter explains
the approach, focusing on its originality and concepts taken from other approaches.
Chapter Four reviews the literature on Saudi poetry in the selected period, which covers studying the employment of heritage, the artistic features, intellectual
attitudes, the transformation of the poetic movement and the relationship between Saudi poetry and Saudi society.
Chapter Five analyses the qualitative employment of popular heritage, illustrated by four poems by Ali al-Dumayni, Sa ad al-HumHumaydin, Jäsim al-Sultayyih and
Muhammad al-Thubayti.
In Chapter Six, affiliation and the domination of anxiety has been investigated through studying four poems by Abdullah al-Rushayd, Abdullah al-Zayd, Abmad al Sälih and Muhammad al-Mansur.
Chapter Seven examines Saudi women and the inevitable conflict by analysing three poems by Thurayyä al Urayyid, Latifah Qäri and Ashjän al-Hindi.
Chapter Eight analyses vagueness and the adventure of distinction via studying three poems by Abdullah al-Khashrami, Fawziyyah Abü Khälid and Muhammad al-
Dumayni
Modern Arabic literary biography : a study of character portrayal in the works of Egyptian biographers of the first half of the twentieth century, with special reference to literary biography
No full textIn Chapter one, I presented a comparative definition of the meaning of Sirah (PI.Siyar), Tarjamah (Pl. Tarajim), Manaqib, Tabaqat and Maghazi as they were understood in antiquity. I also showed how the meaning of Sirah in modern times has only narrowly developed. Although the method of biographical writing continuously developed in Europe, it hardly progressed in Modem Arabic Literature. The only exception was seen in the writings by the pioneers of enlightenment in Egypt at the beginning of the twentieth century. This change of direction relied on borrowing European methodology in biographical writing.
In chapter two, I reviewed the early attempts at writing biographies in the nineteenth century by Abd al Rahman al- Jabarti and Ali Mubarak. Although both were the first
pioneers in this respect, yet they followed the footpath of classical approach above all that of al-Maqarizi from whom -Ali Mubarak derived inspiration in his book Al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyyah.
In chapter three, I studied the twentieth century, starting with traditional biography writers who could not employ European methodologies and whose writings oscillated between biographical notes and biographical sketches; or whose texts were more of a literary study than a biography proper.
In chapters four to nine, I selected the most renowned, productive writers who best represented methodologies of biography writing. Perhaps certain writers have not
been mentioned in this period of study. This is not out of negligence but simply because their texts were totally out of reach, or their writings did not exhibit the
required literary criteria.
All methodologies representing the theory of biography writing in Egypt have been analysed in these chapters. All, in fact, form a digestion or assimilation of French,English and German schools. In Egypt, Taha Husayn is considered the chairman of the French school, al-Mazini and al-Aqqad of the English/German schools, al-Nuwaihi of the psychoanalytical/anatomical school and Sidqi who employed both. By contrast, al Iryan was the trailblazer of the distinguished biographical novel.
In these chapters, I tried to lay out the general outlines these writers have produced in the production of biographical texts, and how these attempts were a successful step on the road of presenting literary biographies characterized by high world standards.
Chapter ten may well seem traditional, but it is important to give a comparative outlook on the views of biography writers themselves when they study and analyse
the same character.
Among the characters studied ,I selected Bashsliar, Abu Nuwas, Ibn al-Run-i, al-Mutanabbi and al-Maarri. These are outstanding landmarks in the history of Arab verse and the subject of a multitude of studies as well. Modern biographers took these figures as a test field for the deployment and employment of biographical methodologies. I selected these examples to provide comparisons and explain how far these biographies were successful in producing a biography or a profile of those classical poets.
The conclusion and the bibliographical list arrived at the end of research.
I wish, however, to clarify one important point here. It seems that I could not fix the year 1950 as the temporal parameter of my research but took some textswhich were
published shortly beyond that point. The reason for this obvious extension was either to give additional useful details or simply because chapters of such texts had already
been published prior to that year and were known to the readership.
At times I would satisfy myself with analysing the part rather than the whole. This again was meant to eschew repetition or was due to the fact that the book in question
was not available
Imam Salim b. Rashid and the Imamate revival in Oman 1331/1913 - 1338/1920
No full textThe principal aim of this thesis is to assess the performance of Imam Salim b.Rashid and the Imamate revival in Oman during the second decade of the 20th century. It
presents biographical information about Imam Salim, with special reference to the military and political policies by which he established and consolided his Imamate in the
Interior Province, and his relations with the Sultan and the latter's British supporters. An attempt is also made to explore the relationship between the Imam and the Omani tribes and to evaluate his administrative success. This thesis comprises eight chapters, and the introduction and conclusion. The introduction reviews the relevant literature on the topic. The first chapter describes the geographical setting and provides a historical background,
relating to three principal matters: the rise of the Iba<;liyyah and the development of the Imamate in Oman; the events in Oman after Sd. Sa'id's death up to 1913; and the effects of the First World War. The second chapter seeks to give an account of the career of Imam Salim's life and the Imamate revival. The third chapter discusses the manner in
which the Imam was elected, private and public allegiance (bay'ah) and the Imam's aims and policy programme. Chapter Four deals with the Imam's military operations and the
spread of his authority over Oman. Chapter Five examines the attempts at negotiation between the Imam and the Sultan, and the role of the British Government and the local
figures in this regard. Chapter Six is devoted to a discussion of the role of the tribes in support of Imam Salim, and the extent of the Imam's influence over these tribes. Chapter Seven assesses the Imam's administrative machinery, including the political system, the bureaucracy, education policy, and financial apparatus. Chapter Eight examines the causes behind the assassination of Imam Salim and the signing of the Treaty of al-Sib. In the conclusion, we present the findings of the research as they have emerged from the assessment of the course of events in Oman. We have said that the Omanis succeeded in reviving the Imamate and elected Imam Salim al-KharU~i who devoted his efforts to establish the foundations of the state, and peace prevailed in the country after the treaty of
al-Sib in 1920
Nature and death in the poetry of al-Malā'ika, al-Shābbī and Shukrī, and certain English Romantic poets : a comparative study
No full textThe first part of this thesis, divided into two
chapters, deals with the early background of European
Romanticism; the reasons behind its appearance and
problems of definition. There follows a discussion on
the question of the originality of Arabic Romanticism,
with ,a brief review of the roots and main literary groups
of this movement in Arabic poetry.
Part two examines the influence of English poetry
and thought on three Arab Romantic poets: Nāzik Sādiq
al-Malā'ika, Abū al-Qāsim al-Shābbī and
Abd aI-Rahmān Shukrī.
This is discussed parallel with the channels of
this influence.
The main focus of this research is however, to show
the ways in which al-Malā'ika, al-Shābbī and Shukrī perceived and reflected nature and death in their poetry.
Their attitudes towards certain phenomena in nature
such as the countryside, night, the sea, childhood and
moral and social lessons of nature are compared with
certain attitudes of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats and
Shelley.
Themes such as life and death, fear of death,
fatalism, immortality and death as a welcome experience
are also the concern of this thesis, with a comparison of
these themes in the poetry of the Arab and English
Romantic poets.
However, owing to the popularity of Keats and
Shelley with the three Arab Romantic poets, this thesis
concentrates on their poetry.
This research has selected only certain phenomena
and themes from nature--and death because of the dominance
of these subjects in the poetry of al-Malā'ika, al-Shābbī and Shukrī. The translations of Arabic poetry in this thesis are
intended to convey the general sense of the source texts,
rather than to give a precise rendering of these texts
into English
Arabic printing in Malta 1825-1845 : Its history and its place in the development of print culture in the Arab Middle East.
No full textSIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D174840 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
ANALISIS VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI JUMLAH PENGANGGURAN TERDIDIK DI INDONESIA
No full textThe growth of a large population is not matched by the spread evenly and lack of labor market led to a reduction in the chance of getting a job. This leads to insecurity and did not rule out the emergence of crime. Besides the prolonged economic crisis also worsened the problems facing the government in developing the field of employment. Unemployment in Indonesia experienced by almost the whole of society with different strata of each level of education. The problem in this research is how economic factors affect the level of unemployment in Indonesia. In addition, factors that influence the success of one's education in obtaining a job or not getting work is a phenomenon in society in Indonesia later by the authors defined as a formulation problem in this study. This study uses several variables that allow in this study include level of education, age of the workforce, as well as economic factors were then analyzed quantitatively. Data analysis tool in this study with correlation used by the author as a step to address the problem in this study. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that affect the educated unemployment in Indonesia. The benefits of this research that this study are expected to provide a good education in general and specifically in economics about the factors affecting unemployment in Indonesia, especially in Kalanga educated. In addition this study is expected to be a reference for further research and as a reference to the central government and regency / municipal government in determining policies for many people to Indonesia more dignified, advanced, and prosperous. Keywords: Population, Employment, UnemploymentJEL Classification: J62, J6
TINJUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP PRAKTEK UTANG PIUTANG DI KABUPATEN MAROS
No full textAbstrak
Utang piutang secara terminologis adalah memberikan harta kepada orang yang akan memanfaatkannya dan mengembalikan gantinya dikemudian hari. jual beli, pinjam meminjam adalah bagian dari aktifitas ekonomi. Pokok masalah penelitian ini adalah Bagaimana praktik utang piutang yang terjadi pada Masyarakat Nelayan Desa Pajukukang, dan Bagaimanakah tinjauan hukum islam terhadap praktik utang piutang yang terjadi pada Masyarakat Nelayan Desa Pajukukang. Jenis penelitian ini tergolong kualitatif dengan pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris, pendekatan sosiologis dan pendekatan muamalah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan praktek utang yang terjadi di masyarakat nelayan di Desa Pajukukang merupakan praktek muamalah yang dilakukan secara lisan dengan sistem kepercayaan satu sama lain, tidak ada perjanjian hitam di atas putih, bahkan jaminannya tidak ada, tetapi memiliki bunga uang. Adapun faktor yang melatar belakangi praktek utang piutang yang terjadi adalah karena kemudahan dibandingkan dengan melakukan pinjaman pada Lembaga keuangan. Jika ditinjau dari perspektif hukum Islam praktek utang piutang yang dilakukan masyarakat Desa Pajukukang. sudah memenuhi rukun dan syarat yang merupakan syarat sahnya suatu akad. Meskipun praktik utang piutang ini sudah memenuhi rukun dan syarat, tetapi terdapat ketidaksesuaian dengan hukum islam (fiqh muamalah) karena adanya tambahan dalam utang piutang termasuk riba dan hukumnya haram, Yang disebutkan dalam (Q.S Ali-imran:130).
Kata Kunci: Hukum Islam, Masyarakat, Utang-Piutang.
Abstract
Terminologically, debts and receivables are giving assets to people who will use them and return them in exchange at a later date. buying and selling, borrowing and borrowing are part of economic activity. The main problem of this research is how the practice of debt and credit that occurs in the fishing community of Pajukukang village, and how is the review of Islamic law on the practice of debt and credit that occurs in the fishing community of Pajukukang village. This type of research is classified as qualitative with the research approach used is empirical juridical, sociological approach and muamalah approach. The results of this study indicate that the practice of debt that occurs in the fishing community in Pajukukang Village is a muamalah practice which is carried out orally with a mutual trust system, there is no black and white agreement, even the guarantee is not there, but it has money interest. The factors behind the practice of debt and receivables that occur are because of the convenience compared to making loans to financial institutions. If viewed from the perspective of Islamic law, the practice of debt and credit carried out by the Pajukukang Village community. has fulfilled the pillars and conditions which are a condition for the validity of a contract. Even though this practice of debt and credit has fulfilled the pillars and conditions, there is a discrepancy with Islamic law (fiqh muamalah) because of the additions in accounts payable including usury and the law is haram, which is mentioned in (Q.S Ali-imran: 130).
Keywords: Debts, Islamic Law, Society
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