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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Effects of ketamine in treatment of depression
No full textDepression är en psykisk sjukdom som kan drabba ungdomar, vuxna och äldre individer. Sjukdomen kännetecknas av en eller flera episoder med en minskad förmåga och negativa tankar. Andra symtom som är också vanligt förekommande kan vara bland annat känsla av värdelöshet, sömnstörningar och självmordstankar. Depression förekommer i tre olika svårighetsgrader; lätt-, medelsvår - och svår depression. Tillståndet kan behandlas med en psykologisk -, farmakologisk - eller ECT-behandling beroende på svårighetsgrad och symtombild. En tredjedel av patienterna uppfyller dock fortfarande kriterierna för en depression och uppvisade symtom trots att de försökte med de olika behandlingsmetoderna. Dessa patienter kännetecknas av terapiresistent-depression (TRD), och de har även en högre suicidrisk. Läkemedlet ketamin tillhör gruppen anestesiläkemedel, men senare har det upptäcktes att den kan verka antidepressivt i låga doser. Det förekommer som två enantiomerer, (S)-ketamin och (R)-ketamin. S-enantiomeren är den isomer med högst potens och R-enantiomeren är den med lägre potens. (S)-ketamin (esketamin) leder till mindre hallucinationer jämfört med (R)-ketamin. Ketamin är en N-metyl-D-aspartat (NMDA) – receptorantagonist, den verkar genom att blockera NMDA-receptorer i hjärnan. Tidigare studier har visat att ketamin kan ge en snabb antidepressiv effekt vid behandling av personer med TRD. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att genom litteraturstudier undersöka effekter av ketamin i behandling av deprimerade personer. Det eftersöktes efter randomiserade kontrollerade studier (RCT) i databasen Pubmed, där fem RCT valdes att analyseras vidare i syfte med att svara på frågeställningen. Två studier var dose-response studier, en studie undersökte och jämförde effekten av intravenöst administrerad ketamin med ett annat läkemedel, midazolam, en studie jämförde intravenös esketamin med placebo och en studie undersökte effekten av intranasal esketamin med placebo. Sammanfattningsvis, resultatet visade statistiskt signifikanta förbättringar avseende depressionens svårighetsgrad hos patienterna med TRD efter 24 timmar i jämförelse med placebo. Resultatet inkluderade även behandlingsrespons (definierat som > 50 % minskning från start i symtompoäng). Behandling med ketamin och esketamin gav statistisk signifikanta skillnader i behandlingsrespons i samtliga studier. Andelen patienter som visade respons på behandling med ketamin av någon form var mellan 38 % – 67 % jämfört med 0 – 18 % för placebo och 28 % för midazolam. Dessutom var en lägre dos av ketamin eller esketamin bättre när det gäller tolerans och orsakade mindre biverkningar jämfört med högre doser. Enligt resultat, så visade ketamin en bra behandlingseffekt mot TRD, men det krävs mer forskning med större antal deltagare och under längre perioder för att kunna säkrare bedöma dess antidepressiva effekter och besvara syftet med arbetet. (R)-ketamin har en viss antidepressiv effekt men kan leda till en högre incidens av hallucinationer jämfört med (S)-ketamin som verkar vara bättre alternativ då racemisk ketamin ju innehåller 50 % (R)-ketamin som även har narkotisk effekt. Depression is a mental illness that can affect young people, adults and the elderly population. The disease is characterized by one or more episodes with negative thoughts and reduced cognitive function. Other symptoms that are also common can include feelings of worthlessness, sleep disorders and suicidal thoughts. Depression occurs in three different degrees of severity; mild-, moderate – and severe depression. The condition can be treated with psychological-, pharmacological – or ECT-treatment depending on the severity and type of symptoms. About one third of patients are still diagnosed as suffering from depression despite trying the different available treatment methods. These patients have treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and they have a higher risk of committing suicide. The drug ketamine belongs to the group of anesthetic drugs, but later it has been discovered that it can act as an antidepressant in low doses. It occurs as two enantiomers, (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine. The (S)-enantiomer is the isomer with the highest potency and the (R)-enantiomer is the one with the lower potency. (S)-ketamine (esketamine) leads to less hallucinations compared to (R)-ketamine. Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist. It acts by blocking NMDA receptors in the brain. Previous studies have shown that ketamine can provide a rapid antidepressant effect in the treatment of people with TRD. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ketamine is effective enough in the treatment of people with TRD. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched for in the Pubmed database. Five RCTs was selected to be further analyzed in order to answer the question. Two studies were dose-response tests, one study examined the effect of intravenous ketamine in comparison with another drug, midazolam, one study examined the effect of intranasal esketamine with placebo and one study compared intravenous esketamine with placebo. In summary, the results showed statistically significant improvement and the severity of the depression in patient with TRD was reduced after 24 hours compared with placebo. The treatment response was defined as > 50 % reduction in symptom score using the MADRS. The effect of the treatment with ketamine and esketamine was compared with placebo, and the results were statistically significant in the five selected studies. The proportion of patients that showed response to treatment varied between 38 % - 67 %. This was compared to the response in the placebo group that varied between 0 % - 18 %, and with the response for midazolam that was 28 %. In addition, a lower dose of ketamine or esketamine was better in terms of tolerance and caused fewer side effects compared to higher doses. According to the results, ketamine was shown to have a good treatment effect against TRD, but more research is needed with a larger number of participants and for longer periods of time in order to be able to more reliably assess its antidepressant effects and to be able to answer the question regarding the effectiveness of treatment. (R)-ketamine has a certain antidepressant effects but can lead to higher incidence of hallucinations compared to (S)-ketamine, which seems to be a better alternative as racemic ketamine contains 50 % (R)-ketamine which also has a narcotic effect.
Incarcerated Women’s Right to Health: Bridging the Gap Between Policy and Reality
Get PDFThis article aims to investigate the impact of incarceration on women with regard to their right to health in the criminal justice system in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Despite the universal recognition of the right to health within detention facilities, it has received limited scholarly attention. There is a pressing need for research on this topic due to the identified gap in the literature concerning incarcerated women, with the available data being fragmented and insufficient in addressing the women offender’s right to health in detention settings in the region.
The findings of this article indicate that the use of detention facilities as a punitive measure has a significant detrimental impact on women, resulting in additional challenges within these environments. This results in gender-based disparities and differential inequalities of treatment that are systematically imposed upon women within the prison and criminal justice systems. Despite this evidence, incarcerated women are marginalised in discussions related to criminal justice system treatment. A significant absence of concrete steps towards reforming the criminal justice system remains
Effects of ketamine in treatment of depression
No full textDepression är en psykisk sjukdom som kan drabba ungdomar, vuxna och äldre individer. Sjukdomen kännetecknas av en eller flera episoder med en minskad förmåga och negativa tankar. Andra symtom som är också vanligt förekommande kan vara bland annat känsla av värdelöshet, sömnstörningar och självmordstankar. Depression förekommer i tre olika svårighetsgrader; lätt-, medelsvår - och svår depression. Tillståndet kan behandlas med en psykologisk -, farmakologisk - eller ECT-behandling beroende på svårighetsgrad och symtombild. En tredjedel av patienterna uppfyller dock fortfarande kriterierna för en depression och uppvisade symtom trots att de försökte med de olika behandlingsmetoderna. Dessa patienter kännetecknas av terapiresistent-depression (TRD), och de har även en högre suicidrisk. Läkemedlet ketamin tillhör gruppen anestesiläkemedel, men senare har det upptäcktes att den kan verka antidepressivt i låga doser. Det förekommer som två enantiomerer, (S)-ketamin och (R)-ketamin. S-enantiomeren är den isomer med högst potens och R-enantiomeren är den med lägre potens. (S)-ketamin (esketamin) leder till mindre hallucinationer jämfört med (R)-ketamin. Ketamin är en N-metyl-D-aspartat (NMDA) – receptorantagonist, den verkar genom att blockera NMDA-receptorer i hjärnan. Tidigare studier har visat att ketamin kan ge en snabb antidepressiv effekt vid behandling av personer med TRD. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att genom litteraturstudier undersöka effekter av ketamin i behandling av deprimerade personer. Det eftersöktes efter randomiserade kontrollerade studier (RCT) i databasen Pubmed, där fem RCT valdes att analyseras vidare i syfte med att svara på frågeställningen. Två studier var dose-response studier, en studie undersökte och jämförde effekten av intravenöst administrerad ketamin med ett annat läkemedel, midazolam, en studie jämförde intravenös esketamin med placebo och en studie undersökte effekten av intranasal esketamin med placebo. Sammanfattningsvis, resultatet visade statistiskt signifikanta förbättringar avseende depressionens svårighetsgrad hos patienterna med TRD efter 24 timmar i jämförelse med placebo. Resultatet inkluderade även behandlingsrespons (definierat som > 50 % minskning från start i symtompoäng). Behandling med ketamin och esketamin gav statistisk signifikanta skillnader i behandlingsrespons i samtliga studier. Andelen patienter som visade respons på behandling med ketamin av någon form var mellan 38 % – 67 % jämfört med 0 – 18 % för placebo och 28 % för midazolam. Dessutom var en lägre dos av ketamin eller esketamin bättre när det gäller tolerans och orsakade mindre biverkningar jämfört med högre doser. Enligt resultat, så visade ketamin en bra behandlingseffekt mot TRD, men det krävs mer forskning med större antal deltagare och under längre perioder för att kunna säkrare bedöma dess antidepressiva effekter och besvara syftet med arbetet. (R)-ketamin har en viss antidepressiv effekt men kan leda till en högre incidens av hallucinationer jämfört med (S)-ketamin som verkar vara bättre alternativ då racemisk ketamin ju innehåller 50 % (R)-ketamin som även har narkotisk effekt. Depression is a mental illness that can affect young people, adults and the elderly population. The disease is characterized by one or more episodes with negative thoughts and reduced cognitive function. Other symptoms that are also common can include feelings of worthlessness, sleep disorders and suicidal thoughts. Depression occurs in three different degrees of severity; mild-, moderate – and severe depression. The condition can be treated with psychological-, pharmacological – or ECT-treatment depending on the severity and type of symptoms. About one third of patients are still diagnosed as suffering from depression despite trying the different available treatment methods. These patients have treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and they have a higher risk of committing suicide. The drug ketamine belongs to the group of anesthetic drugs, but later it has been discovered that it can act as an antidepressant in low doses. It occurs as two enantiomers, (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine. The (S)-enantiomer is the isomer with the highest potency and the (R)-enantiomer is the one with the lower potency. (S)-ketamine (esketamine) leads to less hallucinations compared to (R)-ketamine. Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist. It acts by blocking NMDA receptors in the brain. Previous studies have shown that ketamine can provide a rapid antidepressant effect in the treatment of people with TRD. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ketamine is effective enough in the treatment of people with TRD. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched for in the Pubmed database. Five RCTs was selected to be further analyzed in order to answer the question. Two studies were dose-response tests, one study examined the effect of intravenous ketamine in comparison with another drug, midazolam, one study examined the effect of intranasal esketamine with placebo and one study compared intravenous esketamine with placebo. In summary, the results showed statistically significant improvement and the severity of the depression in patient with TRD was reduced after 24 hours compared with placebo. The treatment response was defined as > 50 % reduction in symptom score using the MADRS. The effect of the treatment with ketamine and esketamine was compared with placebo, and the results were statistically significant in the five selected studies. The proportion of patients that showed response to treatment varied between 38 % - 67 %. This was compared to the response in the placebo group that varied between 0 % - 18 %, and with the response for midazolam that was 28 %. In addition, a lower dose of ketamine or esketamine was better in terms of tolerance and caused fewer side effects compared to higher doses. According to the results, ketamine was shown to have a good treatment effect against TRD, but more research is needed with a larger number of participants and for longer periods of time in order to be able to more reliably assess its antidepressant effects and to be able to answer the question regarding the effectiveness of treatment. (R)-ketamine has a certain antidepressant effects but can lead to higher incidence of hallucinations compared to (S)-ketamine, which seems to be a better alternative as racemic ketamine contains 50 % (R)-ketamine which also has a narcotic effect.
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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