1,720,971 research outputs found
Processo de produção de farinha de penas hidrolisadas: estudos de otimização do teor protéico e do valor de digestibilidade da proteína
No full textO aumento da produção e abate de aves vem ao encontro da responsabilidade de destinação adequada dos resíduos de abatedouros. Pressionadas ainda pelas legislações e políticas ambientais e pelas oportunidades de negócio foram criadas as indústrias de processamento de subprodutos de origem animal, conhecidas como “graxarias”, que processam estes resíduos transformando-os em farinhas de alto valor agregado utilizadas na composição de rações. Porém, a grande variação na composição das matérias-primas e a falta de padronização do processo de fabricação são consideradas os maiores desafios para o uso desses alimentos como ingredientes de rações. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar o processo de fabricação de farinha de penas, visando o aumento do teor protéico (TP) e do valor de digestibilidade (VD), bem como determinar as variáveis e os níveis que potencialmente podem influenciar no processo de obtenção da farinha. A parte experimental deste trabalho está apresentada em três capítulos: No capítulo 1 avaliou-se a variabilidade do TP e do VD da farinha de penas de frango e peru em função dos parâmetros do processo. Observou-se uma grande dificuldade na padronização da farinha de penas contendo penas de frango e de peru. A pressão e o tempo de hidrólise diferiram entre as matérias-primas. Tanto a variável pressão como o tempo de hidrólise influenciaram no TP e no VD. Os resultados mais elevados foram obtidos para a farinha composta por 100% penas de frango. No capítulo 2 avaliou-se a Influência da etapa de pré-secagem no TP e no VD da farinha de penas. Foram utilizados planejamento fatorial e metodologia de superfície de resposta para avaliar essa influência. A pressão, tempo de hidrólise, tempo de pré-secagem e composição de diferentes matérias primas foram determinadas como variáveis independentes, enquanto as variáveis respostas foram TP e VD. O aumento no tempo de pré-secagem foi significativo (p<0,05) para elevar as variáveis. A inclusão de penas de peru foi significativa (p<0,05) na obtenção de farinha de penas, representando uma redução tanto nos resultados do TP como no VD das farinhas. No capítulo 3 avaliou-se a influência da adição de diferentes percentuais de sangue sobre as variáveis respostas, TP e VD, da farinha de penas. Foi utilizado planejamento fatorial e metodologia de superfície de resposta para avaliar essa influencia. As variáveis independentes foram pressão, tempo de hidrólise, matéria-prima e adição de sangue. O maior TP obtido foi através da dosagem de 20% de sangue para as duas matérias-primas. Os níveis das variáveis de processo com os quais se obteve os mais elevados TP (84,56%) e VD (47,96%) foram com 2,5 kgf.cm-2 de pressão e 40 min. de hidrólise. O aumento no percentual de sangue e no tempo de hidrólise foi significativo (p<0,05) para aumentar tanto o TP como o VD da farinha de penas. Com a incorporação de penas de peru ocorreu uma redução significativa (p<0,05) no TP e no VD das farinhas.The increased poultry production and slaughtering encounters the responsibility of proper disposal of waste from slaughterhouses. Pressed further by legislation and environmental policies and the business opportunities were created industries processing animal by-products, known as "graxarias" which process these waste transforming them into high value-added flours used in feed composition. However, the wide variation in the composition of the raw materials and the lack of standardization of the manufacturing process are considered the major hallenges for the use of these foods as ingredients of rations. This study aimed to optimize the manufacturing process of feather meal, in order to increase the protein content (PC) and digestibility value (DV), and to determine the variables and levels that can potentially influence the process of flour obtaining. The experimental part of this work is presented in three chapters: the first chapter we evaluated the variability of TP and RV feather meal of chicken and turkey as a function of process parameters. There is a great difficulty in the standardization of feather meal containing chicken feathers and turkey. The pressure and time of hydrolysis differed among the raw materials. Both the variable pressure as the hydrolysis time affected in PC and DV. The highest scores were obtained for 100% flour made of chicken feathers. In chapter 2 we evaluated the influence of pre-drying step in PC and DV feather meal. We used a factorial design and response surface methodology to assess this effect. The pressure, hydrolysis time, length of pre-drying and composition of different raw materials were determined as independent variables, while the variables were PC and DV. The increase in the pre-drying time was significant (p<0,05) to increase the variables. The inclusion of turkey feathers was significant (p<0,05) in obtaining feather meal, a reduction in both the results of TP as in RV flours. In chapter 3 we evaluated the effect of adding different percentages of blood on the response variables, PC and DV, feather meal. We used a factorial design and response surface methodology to assess this influence. The independent variables were pressure, hydrolysis time, raw material and adding blood. The higher PC was obtained by measuring blood of 20% for the two raw materials. The levels of the process variables which are obtained with the highest TP (84,56%) and VD (47,96%) was 2,5 kgf.cm-2 pressure and 40 min. hydrolysis. The increase in the percentage of blood and the hydrolysis time was significant (p<0,05) increase both the PC and DV as feather meal. With the incorporation of turkey feathers there was a significant reduction (p<0,05) in PC and DV flours
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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