1,720,964 research outputs found
Factors behind the dynamics of land use evolution: case of Lebanon
No full textInternational audienceAbstracts Monitoring and understanding the evolution of land use and land cover is a key factor for many environmental studies as well as for policymakers. Moreover, policymakers are interested in understanding the factors that have a significant impact on land use change. This paper analyses the dynamics of land use change in Lebanon between the years 1984 and 2019 and identifies the main factors behind this process. The use of LandSat satellite images enables the creation of land use maps at several periods and the monitoring of the evolution of built up areas as well as of green areas. Five periods emerge from this analysis, for which it is possible to propose explanatory factors, after an in-depth qualitative analysis. Within the framework of Structural Equation Models, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis is carried out to determine the impacts of several factors related to governance and financial data. Moreover, the urban sprawl is further investigated and explained by cultural, environmental, and infrastructural factors. The main results reveal that the development of built up areas is highly dependent on good funding conditions, whereas banking conditions and weak governance are correlated. The case of Lebanon presents specificities probably linked to historical and cultural considerations that deserve to be studied in future works. In the form of recommendations, new land use policies should be enacted to ensure sustainability in the form of an equilibrium between the urban development, from one side, and the preservation of natural resources and good environmental conditions on the other side. This could comprise the preservation of natural zones; the subsidization of the cultivation profession; and the encouragement of urban densification instead of horizontal sprawl
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Evaluating the accessibility of territories, a multi-scale fractal approach to proximity
No full textInternational audienceRecently, evaluating the accessibility of cities and territories to facilities and amenities represent a major challenge to meet the objectives of sustainable urban development. Although issues related to accessibility are epistemologically old, they are regularly undergoing a renewal of their operations through academic approaches as new theoretical concepts and planning models. In particular, the study is about the “15-Minute City” or “city of short distances” (Büttner et al. 2022), which measures the performance of access to amenities on a local scale, with the aim of strengthening active modes such as walking. The diversity of approaches and methods, available in the literature, employed to assess proximity-based accessibility necessitates taking into consideration the effects of urban scales, distances and service types in the evaluation rules.This study presents an innovative methodology to (i) assess the accessibility to reach amenities and services and (ii) identify potential areas for future development of a territory that promote the accessibility by proximity.The first part of the methodology uses a classic approach in the literature to assess and qualify the accessibility of neighbourhoods to the opportunities of a territory with the use of geospatial data and route calculation algorithms. To this end, different types of amenities (education, health, retail, commercial and shopping centres, as well as leisure areas and green spaces) and a number of proximity access distances corresponding to these categories of opportunities, according to different modes of transport, were selected. This approach takes into account the distances, times, urban scales and the types of transport modes with a focus on active ones. The methodology that considers various transport modes such as public transports, the use of private vehicles as well as active modes, with the help of the capabilities of the r5r software (Pereira et al., 2021).As part of this research, the Marne-la-Vallée area located in the eastern region of Paris, France, was chosen to apply the methodology. The study area is a “new city” developed since the 1960s according to a discontinuous linear urban growth of the form of a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) structure located around the stations of Regional Express Railway line. Since the development planning policies of this territory are founded on accessibility and also since the study area is on newly developed region, it is important to investigate its outcomes in terms of accessibility. This first approach provides a robust measure of overall accessibility, taking into account physical distance, travel times, and ease of access to amenities and services. It is thus possible to develop a typology that qualifies the level of accessibility performance of neighbourhoods to the various amenities.After this first diagnostic phase, the second part of the methodology focuses on identifying areas suitable for future development of the territory on the basis of its urban framework reflecting the accessibility. Using demographic and cartographic data of buildings, amenities, services and reserved areas, as well as transport networks, the different polarities (urban centres) of the study area are organised in the form of an iterative function system, using the Fractalopolis software (Bonin et al., 2020). Based on fractal geometry to construct a multi-scale urban framework, the system identifies locations that may experience increased demand for new infrastructure and amenities in the future (Yamu and Frankhauser, 2015). Taking into account both the current accessibility to different types of amenities, the importance of each pole in the urban organisation of the territory and future growth projections, the methodology offers a global perspective on areas suitable for urban development, particularly services and housing.By combining these two steps, the proposed methodology provides policymakers and urban planners with a multi-scale decision-making tool to assess accessibility and identify the most appropriate areas for the future development of the territory. The information generated by this methodology can thus help promote balanced and sustainable development in urban and regional areas, ensuring that facilities and services are accessible to all residents with a degree of proximity that limits car use and favours active modes. The methodology has the potential for broader applications beyond the specific case study area. By adapting the geospatial and analytical frameworks to different regions and incorporating relevant data, the methodology can be customized to fit diverse contexts. This flexibility enhances its usability and applicability in various urban planning and development scenarios.References : Bonin, O., Bonneau, P., Clerc, M., Cousin, J., Frankhauser, P., de Gouvello, B., Haffner, M., Lehmann, X., Pioli, R., Poirel, M., Stransky, V., & Thébert, M. (2020). Projet SOFT (p. 214 p.) [Research Report]. ThéMA, UMR 6049 ; Institut pour la Transition Energétique, Efficacity ; LVMT.Büttner, B., Seisenberger, S., Baquero Larriva, M., Gante, A., Ramírez, A., & Haxhija, S. (2022). Urban Mobility Next 9 ±15-Minute City : Human-centred planning in action Mobility for more liveable urban spaces EIT Urban Mobility Munich November 2022.Pereira, R. H. M., Saraiva, M., Herszenhut, D., Braga, C. K. V., & Conway, M. W. (2021). r5r : Rapid Realistic Routing on Multimodal Transport Networks with R5 in R. Findings.Yamu, C., & Frankhauser, P. (2015). Spatial accessibility to amenities, natural areas and urban green spaces: using a multiscale, multifractal simulation model for managing urban sprawl. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 42(6), 1054–1078
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Evaluating the accessibility of territories, a multi-scale fractal approach to proximity
No full textInternational audienceRecently, evaluating the accessibility of cities and territories to facilities and amenities represent a major challenge to meet the objectives of sustainable urban development. Although issues related to accessibility are epistemologically old, they are regularly undergoing a renewal of their operations through academic approaches as new theoretical concepts and planning models. In particular, the study is about the “15-Minute City” or “city of short distances” (Büttner et al. 2022), which measures the performance of access to amenities on a local scale, with the aim of strengthening active modes such as walking. The diversity of approaches and methods, available in the literature, employed to assess proximity-based accessibility necessitates taking into consideration the effects of urban scales, distances and service types in the evaluation rules.This study presents an innovative methodology to (i) assess the accessibility to reach amenities and services and (ii) identify potential areas for future development of a territory that promote the accessibility by proximity.The first part of the methodology uses a classic approach in the literature to assess and qualify the accessibility of neighbourhoods to the opportunities of a territory with the use of geospatial data and route calculation algorithms. To this end, different types of amenities (education, health, retail, commercial and shopping centres, as well as leisure areas and green spaces) and a number of proximity access distances corresponding to these categories of opportunities, according to different modes of transport, were selected. This approach takes into account the distances, times, urban scales and the types of transport modes with a focus on active ones. The methodology that considers various transport modes such as public transports, the use of private vehicles as well as active modes, with the help of the capabilities of the r5r software (Pereira et al., 2021).As part of this research, the Marne-la-Vallée area located in the eastern region of Paris, France, was chosen to apply the methodology. The study area is a “new city” developed since the 1960s according to a discontinuous linear urban growth of the form of a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) structure located around the stations of Regional Express Railway line. Since the development planning policies of this territory are founded on accessibility and also since the study area is on newly developed region, it is important to investigate its outcomes in terms of accessibility. This first approach provides a robust measure of overall accessibility, taking into account physical distance, travel times, and ease of access to amenities and services. It is thus possible to develop a typology that qualifies the level of accessibility performance of neighbourhoods to the various amenities.After this first diagnostic phase, the second part of the methodology focuses on identifying areas suitable for future development of the territory on the basis of its urban framework reflecting the accessibility. Using demographic and cartographic data of buildings, amenities, services and reserved areas, as well as transport networks, the different polarities (urban centres) of the study area are organised in the form of an iterative function system, using the Fractalopolis software (Bonin et al., 2020). Based on fractal geometry to construct a multi-scale urban framework, the system identifies locations that may experience increased demand for new infrastructure and amenities in the future (Yamu and Frankhauser, 2015). Taking into account both the current accessibility to different types of amenities, the importance of each pole in the urban organisation of the territory and future growth projections, the methodology offers a global perspective on areas suitable for urban development, particularly services and housing.By combining these two steps, the proposed methodology provides policymakers and urban planners with a multi-scale decision-making tool to assess accessibility and identify the most appropriate areas for the future development of the territory. The information generated by this methodology can thus help promote balanced and sustainable development in urban and regional areas, ensuring that facilities and services are accessible to all residents with a degree of proximity that limits car use and favours active modes. The methodology has the potential for broader applications beyond the specific case study area. By adapting the geospatial and analytical frameworks to different regions and incorporating relevant data, the methodology can be customized to fit diverse contexts. This flexibility enhances its usability and applicability in various urban planning and development scenarios.References : Bonin, O., Bonneau, P., Clerc, M., Cousin, J., Frankhauser, P., de Gouvello, B., Haffner, M., Lehmann, X., Pioli, R., Poirel, M., Stransky, V., & Thébert, M. (2020). Projet SOFT (p. 214 p.) [Research Report]. ThéMA, UMR 6049 ; Institut pour la Transition Energétique, Efficacity ; LVMT.Büttner, B., Seisenberger, S., Baquero Larriva, M., Gante, A., Ramírez, A., & Haxhija, S. (2022). Urban Mobility Next 9 ±15-Minute City : Human-centred planning in action Mobility for more liveable urban spaces EIT Urban Mobility Munich November 2022.Pereira, R. H. M., Saraiva, M., Herszenhut, D., Braga, C. K. V., & Conway, M. W. (2021). r5r : Rapid Realistic Routing on Multimodal Transport Networks with R5 in R. Findings.Yamu, C., & Frankhauser, P. (2015). Spatial accessibility to amenities, natural areas and urban green spaces: using a multiscale, multifractal simulation model for managing urban sprawl. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 42(6), 1054–1078
- …
