7,254,315 research outputs found
An evaluation of the Rouse theory for the suspension of sand in a tidal inlet
No full textThe Rouse theory for the suspension of sand in the Oka estuary has been evaluated. The Rouse profile, which is often used to represent the vertical distribution of sand in suspension, is a function of the ratio of the sediment fall velocity to bed friction velocity. This ratio, ws/u*, varied with height above the bed, as it is dependent on grain diameter. The grain size of sampled suspended sand was finer near the surface and coarser near the bed. This was evident at the three anchor stations occupied at the Oka estuary, where the field work was carried out. The values of the Rouse parameter showed that the sand transport in suspension took place throughout the benthic boundary layer. The suspension threshold of Bagnold (1966) was found to discriminate accurately between bedload and suspended load. The critical Shields parameter for suspension of sand, derived from the field measurements, defines the suspension threshold better when the friction velocity is assumed constant. Laboratory work carried out to evaluate the vertical distribution of the friction velocity throughout the benthic boundary layer result in a constant distribution with height above the bed in the lower 10%. This supports the assumption made in the Rouse theory. The sand concentration profile is more complex than just Roussian, as three layers have been recognized: a Roussian layer; a buffer layer; and an inner layer. The majority (90%) of the mass flux of sand took place within the inner layer. The concentration in this layer is characterized by an exponential increase towards the bed. This profile was not asymptotic to the normally accepted bed concentration (0.65). A new simplified equation to predict sand concentration in the inner layer was generated whereby: , where z is height above bed and h is water depth. The reference concentration, Ca, of the Rouse profile is predicted using the inner layer equation and solving at the upper limit of the inner layer (z/h = 0.1). The concentration gradient and magnitude (at a given height) were not related to shear stress or near bed flow velocity. Therefore, it is recommended that a near-bed measurement be used to define concentration at the bed, a, from which the concentration profile may be constructed
An evaluation of the Rouse theory for sand transport in the Oka estuary, Spain
No full textThe Rouse profile has been traditionally used to represent the vertical distribution of suspended sand in a marine benthic boundary layer. Yet it is one of the biggest unknowns in estuarine morphodynamics, largely due to uncertainties of the ratio of the sediment fall velocity to bed friction on which the Rouse exponent (R=ws/?ku?) is based. A field campaign was carried out at three different locations in the Oka estuary, northern Spain, in order to examine these uncertainties. Each location differed in grain size and flow condition thus offering a wide range of settings. The first survey was inside the estuary (wave sheltered, flood tide dominated and relatively broad estuary section), the second was at the distal ebb delta (ebb tide dominated and narrow estuary section), and the third was over the wave exposed proximal ebb delta (wave/flood tidal current combined flows and open sea). The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the Rouse (1937) theory for the distribution of sand in suspension throughout a turbulent benthic boundary layer. A modified version of a Helley–Smith sampler was used to trap sand and measure the vertical distribution of sand in the water column. As well, a 1200 ADCP was used to measure flow velocity and backscatter together with an ADV (turbulence). The sand traps were found to have a sampling efficiency of 44%. The grain size at all stations was finer near the surface and coarser near the bed. The sand transport inside the estuary (Station 1) is inwards dominant. By contrast, the sand concentration during the ebb tide was ten times higher than during the flood tide at Station 2 and even higher at Station 3, which suggests that the sand transport over the ebb delta is seawards. The average Rouse parameters for Stations 1, 2, and 3 are 0.48±0.035, 0.78±0.23, and 0.46±0.06 respectively, which correspond to a coefficient of proportionality of the movability number, (?) of 4 ( Van Rijn, 1993). These differ from previous findings of Villatoro et al. (2010) and Amos et al. (2010b)
SATELLITE ALTIMETER CALIBRATION OF A WAVE MODEL
No full textActive sensor devices for the sea surface have been used for
many years in order to supply large scale information on the wave and wind
fields. Among them, the most important is the satellite altimeter, whose main
application so far has mostly been related to the calibration of forecasting or
hind-casting models over the oceans. Enclosed or semi-enclosed seas pose a
bigger challenge because of the rapidly varying wind and sea state fields, as
well as of the relatively scarce time and space density of the coverage. The
Arabian Gulf, in particular, is an ideal testing field for the synergy between
wave modeling and satellite altimeter wave monitoring, since rainfall, one of
the main cases of altimeter disturbances, is rare or virtually absent. Wave
climate in the Gulf has already been thoroughly considered in depth and a
full WAM based simulating system was setup. There is, however, a
comparative scarcity of field data to verify and calibrate such a system,
therefore the availability of space data is an important option. This paper
presents some comparisons between the WAM based modeling system at
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), with ERS-2, Envisat and
Jason-1 altimeter data. Some measurements taken by wavemeters located off
Dubai were also considered. In addition to that, the importance and the
possible causes of small spatial scale oscillation of both wind and wave
measurements from altimeter data is considered; such oscillations mightprovide an indication of spatial storm variability on a smaller scale than that
of the standard meteo grids
Maktabat Al Muthanna Baghdad Feb-May 1962
No full textOn the same date, Ali Al-Mansouri issued an official financial statement confirming that the Al-Khanji Foundation owed a total of 11.375.أصدر علي المنصوري بيانًا ماليًا رسميًا بتاريخ 25 نيسان 1962 يُفيد بأن مؤسسة الخانجي مدينة بمبلغ إجمالي قدره 11,375
Qilādat al-jawāhir fī dhikr al-Ghawth al-Rifāʻī wa-atbāʻih al-akābir
No full textA book on Sufism on the Rifa'i way, in which the author collects virtues, conditions, dignity, sayings, behavior, method, and the realizations of the truth of Sheikh Ahmed Muhyi al-Din Abu al-Abbas al-Kabeer al-Rifa'i. Furthermore, the user talked about the widespread support he receives from his followers and the key aspects of his method
Theoretical Insights of History, Morality, and Society as the Literary Trio of the Author-Reader Relationship.
No full textThis paper attempts to examine the relationship between the author and the reader by polarizing history, morality, and society as a selected triad of theoretical interpretation. The study mainly focuses on the theoretical insights of these relationships in order to give proper clues for delving deep into the technical and thematic peculiarities of different literary genres. Therefore, it follows a qualitative approach to some fictional works, particularly novels, to demonstrate how the authorial perspective intersects with the reader’s ability to grasp the latent textual messages projected by authors in the course of the plots. The relationship between the author and the reader will be limited to three related topics, namely, history, morality, and society. As for history, the study sheds light on the postcolonial attributes of literature to reveal the function of liberal humanism in bridging the gap between the colonized people and the colonizers. Morality, on the other hand, will be discussed to explore the relative view of morality by authors and how the reader might conceptualize it according to his/her cultural background. Lastly, the discussion of society will be limited to the social customs and norms approached by authors to deliver a comprehensive depiction of the social reality in which the reader lives his/her true life
Musical Instruments in Al-Jahiz
Get PDFفي كتابات الجاحظ، تناول أديب العرب الجاحظ قضايا الموسيقى والطرب والغناء. كان الجاحظ معروفًا بعلمه وأدبه، وكتب العديد من الأعمال التي تسلط الضوء على جوانب الحياة المترفة في المجتمع. كتب كتابًا بعنوان "أخلاق المغنين" وآخر بعنوان "المغنين والغناء والصنعة". في هذه الكتب، دافع الجاحظ عن الغناء كفن فني، ورأى أنه يمتلك قواعد وأسسًا علمية تشابه مع غيره من الفنون والآداب. كان يروج للغناء باعتباره متعة فنية. وعلى الرغم من انتمائه للمعتزلة، إلا أن الجاحظ كان مشجعًا للغناء ومغنين، وكتب عن أخلاقهم وفنونهم. وفي رسالته "القيان"، تناول الجاحظ تأثير بيوت القيان والقيان نفسهن في المجتمع الإسلامي، حيث أشار إلى الفسق والعشق والفجور الذي قد ينتج عن هذا التأثير. بشكل عام، تركت كتابات الجاحظ أثرًا مهمًا في فهمنا لثقافة الموسيقى والطرب والغناء في العصور القديمة.In his writings, the Arab author Al-Jahiz addressed issues related to music, Tarab (a genre of music), and singing. Al-Jahiz was known for his knowledge and literature, and he wrote numerous works that shed light on the luxurious aspects of society. He authored a book titled "Ethics of Singers" and another titled "Singers, Singing, and the Craft." In these books, Al-Jahiz defended singing as an artistic form and believed that it possessed scientific principles and foundations similar to other arts and literature. He promoted singing as a pleasurable art form. Despite his affiliation with the Mu\u27tazila school of thought, Al-Jahiz was a supporter of singing and singers, and he wrote about their ethics and arts. In his treatise "Al-Qiyan," Al-Jahiz discussed the influence of courtesans and their households on Islamic society, pointing to the immorality, passion, and vice that may result from this influence. Overall, Al-Jahiz\u27s writings have had a significant impact on our understanding of music, Tarab, and singing in ancient times
Ash-Shuo'a" the UNDIVIDED by Imam Omar Bin Abdulaziz Al-Boukhary in the Hanafi School
No full textThis research treating a study and investigation of the book titled "Ash-Shuo'a" THE UNDIVIDED by Imam Omar Bin Abdulaziz Al-Boukhary in the Hanafi school. It contains an Introduction and two chapters, the introduction displays the reasons for choosing the research title, it's important, the previous studies, its objectives, its methodology and the abstract. The first chapter: the theoretical contains two themes. The first identify the author, the second identify the investigated book. The second chapter: the investigation which includes the methodology followed in the investigation of manuscript, the photos and the investigation of the book. Finally, I have showed the most important results and recommendations. Also, I mentioned the index of resources and references used in study and investigation
English Transliteration of Arabic Personal Names with the Definite Article {al-} on Facebook
No full textThis study aimed to explore how native speakers of Arabic transliterate first and last names containing the definite article {al-} to English on Facebook; what variations exist in transliterating the definite article itself, which is usually attached to the name in Arabic script; how Arabic speakers transliterate {al-} before sun and moon letters in their names; and which strategies they use in transliterating names with a definite article. A sample of 641 unique names with 1207 occurrences (repeats) was collected from the author’s friends’ list on Facebook. Results revealed that {al-} was used in 55% of the names; {el-} was used in 44%; reduced {l-} was used in 1% and {il-} was used in one name only. In 54% of the names, the definite article is attached to the name, with the names spelled in lowercase (الجرف Algarf, Aljarf; الشيخ Alshekh; Alsayd, Elsayed, Alqudah; Alshareef). In 15.5% of the names, the definite article is detached from the name, i.e., spelled as an independent morpheme (الجرف Al Jarf, Al Jorf, Al Jurf; القضاة Al Qudah). In 15.5% the name is spelled with a capital letter although it is attached to the definite article (الجرف AlJurf). In 13.5%, the definite article and the name are hyphenated (الجرف El-Garf, Al-Jurf). In 1%, the definite article is reduced to {l-}, i.e., the vowel in the definite article is deleted (الجرف ljarf, الأسود Lassoued , الغريب Leghrib). In addition, it was found that 40 of the name that follows the definite article begins with a sun (coronal) consonant (Al-Salem; Attaher) as opposed to 60% of the names that begin with a moon letter (Alomari, Aljarf). The study recommends a strategy for transliterating the definite article where the following name begins with a sun (coronal) letter based on the English grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules to enable non-native speakers of Arabic to pronounce the transliterated al+ noun accurately
Rekonstruksi Khilâfah dalam Al-Qur'an
No full textThis Paper examinies the views of Quraish Shihab against the arguments used by HTI and refutes the legitimacy concept khilâfah in three aspects. Firstly, the obligation to enforce Islamic law in QS. al-Mâ'idah [5]: 48. Secondly, the obligation of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar and the last is the obligation to obey with Allah, Rasul and ulil amr. Of these three foundations, Quraish Shihab sees the obligation to enforce Islamic law in the QS. al-Mâ'idah [5]: 48 deemed necessary to apply the law of God, just not to emphasize God's law absolutely while amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in the QS. Ali ‘Imrân [3]: 110 assessed the obligation of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar related obligation invites to the good that ma'ruf in line with the value of goodness in the culture of society as well as the obligation to present doing something that can demage in QS. an-Nisâ' [4]: 59 Quraish Shihab emphasize the obligation of obedience to Allah, Rasul and ulil Amr a daty, just only that obligation to obedient with ulil amr are those who bring a good values a mong them of the rulers/government, other meaning is ulama and the letter representing the community in these various groups and professions. In so doing, the author reters to his work “Tafsir al Misbah; Pesan, Kesan dan Keserasian Al-Qur'an” and several other works, with literary interpretation, the author review and analyze with the work of interpretive and analytical and comparative analytic approach with the interpretation of HTI
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