1,720,954 research outputs found
The UN Security Council’s assets- freezing against suspected terrorists: legality and procedural fairness in the UN, EU and UK and lessons for Jordan
No full textThe ultimate aim of this thesis is to examine the legitimacy and procedural fairness of the asset-freezing legal systems1 as a counter-terrorism measure, in order to offer recommendations on how to reform the law in Jordan. To that end, it is argued that counter-terrorism measures generally undermine procedural fairness and relevant human rights. This thesis explores how sophisticated legal orders deal with the adverse effects of lack of legitimacy and procedural fairness in the asset-freezing counter-terrorism, in order to form a model that can resolve the defects in the application of the asset-freezing systems.
To achieve this end, the thesis is divided into seven chapters. It starts with a brief introduction. Chapter 1, seeks to explore the development of the asset-freezing in the United Nations (hereinafter ‘UN’), the changes in its nature, and determines if the United Nations Security Council (hereinafter ‘UNSC’) is empowered to impose such asset-freezing obligations. Chapter 2, inspects the decision-making procedures involved in the asset-freezing against designated persons such as UNSCR.1267, and its descendants, and the observation of procedural fairness in the UN legal order. Chapter 3, examines the application of the UNSC asset-freezing systems by the European Union (hereinafter ‘EU’) and its procedures, and the observation of procedural fairness in order to explore its inconsistencies and flaws. Chapter 4, looks at the legal challenge to the UN and EU legal orders, the lack of judicial protection in the UN, and the possibility of compensating for this lack by the EU Judiciary based on the autonomy of the EU legal order to see if the EU courts have the capability to provide effective judicial protection and the extent of such judicial protection .
Chapter 5 deals with the approaches followed in applying the UN, EU and national asset-freezing systems and their procedure in the UK legal order, also the observance of procedural fairness in these contexts. Chapter 6 examines the right to effective judicial protection and the approach followed to accommodate the security considerations in proceedings before the UK court. Chapter 7 explores the application of the asset-freezing systems in Jordan, the lack of procedural fairness and the limited judicial protection offered. Finally, the thesis presents concluding remarks and recommendations for law reform in Jordan
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Legal Foundation of Criminal Responsibility of AI-Enabled Crimes According to the Jordanian Law: Analytical Study
Full text linkتهدف هذه الدراسة لتفحص مدى وجود أساس قانوني للمسؤولية الجزائية للفاعل الأصلي (المنتج والمستخدم وتابعيهما) عن الجرائم المرتكبة بواسطة الذكاء الاصطناعي، وبذات الوقت تشخيص الإشكاليات التي تواجه مثل هذا الأساس القانوني في إطار القانون الجزئي الأردنيّ؛ ومن أهمها الدعوة لمنح الذكاء الاصطناعي الشخصية القانونية واعتباره ذا أهلية جزائية، وقد تم استعمال المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في هذه الدراسة.
وقد خلصت هذه الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج من أهمها إمكانية إيجاد أساس قانوني لمسؤولية الفاعل الأصلي عن الجرائم المرتكبة بواسطة الذكاء الاصطناعي القابلة للتنبؤ بها، أما الجرائم غير القابلة للتنبؤ بها فلا يمكن أن يتحمل الفاعل الأصلي المسؤولية عنها مما يشكل ثغرة قانونية، كما خلصت الدراسة إلى أن مسعى جانب من الفقه لسد ثغرات المسؤولية الجزائية في الجرائم المرتكبة بواسطة الذكاء الاصطناعي من خلال منح الذكاء الاصطناعي الشخصية القانونية، هي دعوة قائمة على مغالطة قانونية وواقعية لا يمكن القبول بها.
توصي هذه الدراسة بالتدخل التشريعي لسد العديد من الثغرات القانونية مثل حالة الجرائم المتعدية لقصد الفاعل الأصلي المرتكبة بواسطة الذكاء الاصطناعي، والحاجة إلى أسس تنظيمية لإنتاج واستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي لغايات تأسيس نوع من المسؤولية المفترضة عن الجرائم المرتكب بواسطة الذكاء الاصطناعي.This study examines the criminal responsibility and legal foundations of the principal perpetrators (the AI producer, the final user, and their minions) for AI-enabled crimes, and identifies the legal dilemmas facing criminal responsibility for AI-enabled crimes under Jordanian criminal law. One of the most important of these dilemmas is the call to grant AI legal personality, thereby conferring criminal capacity. Accordingly, this study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach.
This study concludes that several outcomes are possible, the most important of which is establishing criminal responsibility for the principal perpetrator of foreseeable AI-enabled crimes. It is legally groundless to hold the principal perpetrator criminally accountable for unforeseeable AI-enabled crimes. It found that the jurisprudential call to grant AI, per se, legal personality and criminal capacity, and thus to bear criminal responsibility, is legally groundless.
Ultimately, this study recommends that legislative intervention address several legal loopholes, such as cases involving crimes committed by artificial intelligence without the principal perpetrator's intent. The need for regulatory foundations for the production and use of artificial intelligence to establish a form of presumed liability for transitive intent crimes committed by artificial intelligence
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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