31 research outputs found
Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi NaOH Pada Zeolit Alam Lampung Terhadap Produk Silika
Get PDFZeolit alam merupakan Kristal alumino silikat dengan struktur kerangka tiga dimensi yang dibentuk oleh tetrahedral alumina () dan silika (). Proses produksi silika pada zeolit alam dilakukan melalui metode sol-gel dengan penambahan larutan NaOH. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui variasi konsentrasi larutan NaOH dan zeolit alam terhadap produk silica melalui proses sol-gel. Metode produk sisilika dilakukan dengan membuat larutan NaOH dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,2 M, 0,4 M, 0,6 M, 0,8 M, dan 1 M. Zeolit alam divariasikan dengan massa 15 gr, 30 gr dan 45 gr. Hasil produk silica terbaik diperoleh pada konsentrasi NaOH 1 M dan massa zeolit alam 15 gr dengan persentase 97,738 %. Kandungan senyawa kimia dalam setiap produk silica didominasi SiO2. Fasa yang terbentuk pada produk silica didominasi oleh fasa tridymite (Si24.00O48.00), Cristobalite (Si4.00O8.00), Coesite (Si16.00O32.00), Moganite (Si12.00O24.00), Quartz (Si3.00O6.00) dan Stishovite (Si2.00O4.00).Kata kunci:NaOH, zeolitalam, silik
Production of Biofuel by Hydrocracking of Cerbera Manghas Oil Using Co-Ni/HZSM-5 Catalyst : Effect of Reaction Temperature
No full textThis research aims to investigate the effect of various reaction temperatures on the hydrocracking of Cerbera manghas oil to produce biofuel as a paraffin-rich mixture of hydrocarbons with Co-Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst. Co-Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption according to the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method, and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The hydrocracking reaction was carried out in a pressure batch reactor, reaction temperatures of 300-375 oC for 2 hours, reactor pressure of 15 bar after flowing H2 for at least 1 hour, and a catalyst/oil ratio of 1 g/200 ml. The hydrocarbon composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). With the Co(0.88%)-Ni(3.92%)/HZSM-5 catalyst, the highest yield for gasoil was 46.45% at temperature of 350 oC. At this reaction temperature condition, the main abundant hydrocarbon compounds in gasoil-like hydrocarbon were n-paraffin, i.e. pentadecane of 20.06 area% and heptadecane of 14.13 area%. Biofuels produced showed that abundant hydrocarbon compounds were different at different reaction temperatures. Iso-paraffin with low freezing point and good flow property were not found in gasoil-like hydrocarbon. Isomerization depends on reaction condition and type of catalyst
Sunan candlenut shells activated carbon: Preparation, characterization, and application adsorption of Rhodamine B
Get PDFThe activated carbon has been produced from Sunan candlenut shells wastes produced by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide as an activating agent. The activated carbon has been characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier-TransformInfrared (FT-IR), and the results compared with those of the Sunan candlenut shell used as raw material. The activatedcarbon produced used as an adsorbent in the Rhodamine B adsorption process. Several examined factors that can affect theadsorption process, such as pH, contact time, and adsorbate concentration, have been studied. The yield of activated carbonfrom Sunan candlenut shells obtained is 74.05%. The activated carbon with the chemical process has characteristicadsorption-desorption isotherms of type IV with mesoporous pore size. The surface area of activated carbon of 355.563 m2/gand the pore size of 2.1258 nm. The functional groups from FTIR contain C≡C and C=O at a wave number of 2161.55 cm-1and 1980-1994 cm-1, respectively. The results also show the percent adsorption of rhodamine B is 98.75% and the initialmaximum adsorbate concentration of 30 ppm at pH 4 for 60 minutes
Hydrocracking of Coconut Oil over Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 Catalyst to Produce Hydrocarbon Biofuel
Get PDFThis present study was aimed to investigate the hydrocracking of coconut oil using Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst in a batch reactor at three reaction temperatures (350, 375, and 400 °C). The Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by using incipient wetness impregnation. The Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst was characterized using XRD, BET, and SEM-EDX. From XRD results, the loading of Ni and Fe did not change the crystalline structure of HZSM-5 catalyst. The surface area of HZSM-5 was 425 m2/g and decreased after the addition of metals (Ni and Fe) into HZSM-5 support. These changes implied that Ni and Fe particles were successfully dispersed on the HZSM-5 surface and incorporated into HZSM-5 pore. The product of hydrocarbon biofuel was analyzed using GC-MS. The GC-MS results of hydrocarbon biofuel showed the highest compounds for n-paraffin and yield for gasoil was 39.24 and 18.4% at a temperature of 400 °C, respectively. The reaction temperature affected the yield and the composition of hydrocarbon biofuel. At this reaction temperature condition, decarboxylation and decarbonylation were favored; lead to the formation of n-alkanes with an odd number of carbon atoms chain length
Kinerja Katalis Ni-Cu/HZSM-5 dalam Pembuatan Biogasoil dari Minyak Bintaro (Cerbera Manghas) dengan Proses Hydrocracking
Get PDFCatalytic cracking dan hydroprocessing merupakan dua proses yang digunakan untuk mengubah minyak nabati menjadi biofuel, gabungan dari kedua proses tersebut dinamakan reaksi hydrocracking. Minyak bintaro yang bersifat non-edibleoil serta memiliki kadar minyak cukup banyak yakni sebesar 35-50% dapat direkomendasikan sebagai salah satu sumber minyak nabati yang dapat diolah menjadi biogasoil. Penambahan logam nikel (Ni) dan tembaga (Cu) ialah untuk memperoleh yield yang lebih baik daripada menggunakan satu jenis katalis. Preparasi katalis dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode incipient wetness impregnation. Variabel loading support HZSM-5 yang digunakan sebesar 5% dan 10%, serta ratio logam Ni-Cu yaitu 1:1. Katalis Ni-Cu/HZSM-5 dianalisa menggunakan BET, EDX, dan XRD untuk mengetahui karakteristik katalis. Selanjutnya proses hydrocracking dilakukan dengan mencampurkan 2 gram katalis Ni- Cu/HZSM-5 dan 250 ml minyak bintaro ke dalam reaktor batch berpengaduk pada suhu reaksi 375 ÌŠC selama 2 jam. Produk cair (biofuel) yang dihasilkan dari proses hydrocracking dianalisa menggunakan GC-MS untuk mengetahui komposisi hidrokarbon. Rute reaksi yang mendominasi dalam penelitian ini ialah reaksi dekarbinolasi dan dekarboksilasi. Hal itu terlihat dari komposisi hidrokarbon terbanyak dari produk biogsoil yang dihasilkan ialah C15 dan C17. Hasil dari penelitian diperoleh Ni-Cu/HZSM-5 dengan loading 5% dan ratio logam 1:1 optimum digunakan pada proses hydrocracking minyak bintaro untuk menghasilkan biogasoil dengan yield sebesar 82,7%
Hydrocracking of Non-edible Vegetable Oils with Co-Ni/HZSM-5 Catalyst to Gasoil Containing Aromatics
No full textBiofuel has been considered as one of the environmentally friendly energy sources to substitute fossil fuel derived from non-edible vegetable oil. This research aims to investigate the effect of the non-edible vegetable oil composition on a specific hydrocarbons distribution contained in biofuel and the aromatics formation through hydrocracking reaction with the Co-Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst. The formation of aromatics from non-edible vegetable oils, such as: Cerbera manghas, rubber seed, and sunan candlenut oils, containing saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids is presented. The hydrocracking reaction was carried out in a pressure batch reactor, a reaction temperature of 350 oC for 2 h, reactor pressure of 15 bar after flowing H2 for 1 hour, and a catalyst/oil ratio of 1 g/200 mL. Liquid hydrocarbon product was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on the GC-MS analysis, hydrocracking on three different oils indicated that polyunsaturated fatty acids were required to produce relatively high aromatics content. The sunan candlenut oil can be converted to gasoil range hydrocarbons containing a small amount of aromatic through hydrocracking reaction. Meanwhile, the aromatics in liquid product from hydrocracking of Cerbera manghas and rubber seed oils were not found
Bio-kerosene and Bio-gasoil from Coconut Oils via Hydrocracking Process over Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 Catalyst
Get PDFIn this study, hydrocracking of coconut oil over Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst was carried out in a batch reactor under different reaction temperature. Coconut oil is proposed as one of the potential feedstock for biofuel production. The Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. The characterization of Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDAX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The chemical composition of biofuel was analyzed by Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results from the GC-MS analysis showed that the hydrocracking reaction over 10 % (Ni-Fe)/HZSM-5 catalyst at temperature of 375 oC obtained the highest hydrocarbon content (contained 49.4% n-paraffin, 26.93 % isoparaffin, 3.58 % olefin) and the highest yield of bio-gasoil 38.6 % in the biofuel liquid hydrocarbon. Pentadecane (n-C15) and heptadecane (n-C17) were the most abundant hydrocarbon compounds in biofuel liquid hydrocarbon. Decarboxylation and/or decarbonylation was the dominant reaction pathways in this process. Based on the result, the reaction temperature had a significant effect on the distribution of biofuel composition and yield of biofuel from coconut oil
PEMANFAATAN MINYAK BERAT HASIL PERENGKAHAN KATALITIK MINYAK PLASTIK POLYPROPYLENE-LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS LIGNIT
No full textThe most obvious characteristics of lignite are its high moisture content (30-50%) and relatively low calorific value compared to other types of coal. This causes low combustion efficiency, making it not optimal for use as fuel. In this study, the slurry dewatering process was applied to coal that has a low calorific value of 3,662 cal/g and a moisture content of 37.29%. The addition effect of heavy oil from catalytic cracking of Polypropylene-Low Density Polyethylene (PP/LDPE) plastic waste pyrolysis oil on improving quality of lignite was investigated in this study. Heavy oil was used as additive. The ratio of 120 mesh lignite to heavy oil used was 100:15, 100:30, 100:45, 100:60, 100:75, and 100:90 (g/mL). Coal was carried out with a slurry dewatering process in an autoclave at various temperatures of 140 and 150 °C for 60 min. The test results obtained the highest calorific value of 6,374 cal/g and the moisture content of 2.81% for a ratio of lignite to heavy oil of 100: 45 g/mL at a temperature of 140 °C.Karakteristik lignit yang paling jelas adalah kadar airnya yang tinggi (30-50%) dan nilai kalor yang relatif rendah dibandingkan dengan jenis batubara lainnya. Hal ini menyebabkan efisiensi pembakarannya rendah, sehingga kurang optimal untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. Dalam penelitian ini, proses dewatering slurry diterapkan pada batubara yang memiliki nilai kalor rendah yaitu 3.662 kal/g dan kadar air 37,29%. Pengaruh penambahan minyak berat hasil perengkahan katalitik minyak pirolisis limbah plastik Polypropylene-Low Density Polyethylene (PP/LDPE) terhadap peningkatan kualitas lignit dipelajari dalam penelitian ini. Minyak berat digunakan sebagai zat aditif. Perbandingan lignit 120 mesh dan minyak berat yang digunakan adalah 100:15, 100:30, 100:45, 100:60, 100:75, dan 100:90 (g/mL). Batubara diproses dengan metode slurry dewatering dalam autoklaf pada suhu 140 dan 150 °C selama 60 menit. Hasil pengujian diperoleh nilai kalor tertinggi sebesar 6.374 kal/g dan kadar air 2,81% untuk perbandingan lignit terhadap minyak berat 100:45 g/mL pada suhu 140 °C
STUDY OF MAKING POLYESTER RESIN MATRIX COMPOSITES USING BASALT SCORIA POWDER FILLERS TO TENSILE STRENGTH AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Get PDFAn experimental study on the manufacture of polyester resin matrix composites using basalt powder as a reinforcing filler has been carried out. Basalt is a volcanic igneous rock often found in East Lampung and has not been utilised. Basalt is chosen as a reinforcing filler because basalt has advantages such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance, resistance to chemical reactions, and high hardness. The research parameters used were variations in the size of the basalt powder, the composition of the polyester resin matrix to the basalt powder, and the percentage of the catalyst. All parameters were mixed according to the research procedure, and all samples were formed under pressure 20 kN. Tensile test results showed the highest value of 0.961 kgf/mm2 from 60 mesh-25% polyester-1/30 catalyst variation parameter. The highest compressive strength value of 28.331 kgf/mm2 was obtained from the various parameters of 270 mesh-20% polyester-1/20 catalyst and 270 mesh-25% polyester-1/30 catalyst. The results were not much different from those, which is 27.787 kgf/mm2. The use of 1/30 hardener catalyst to the amount of polymer by 25 %wt gives optimal results on the characterisation material testing. However, the effect of the filler grain size gave different results for each test carried out. Therefore, to obtain the desired mechanical properties when using basalt rock powder as a filler, it is necessary to pay attention to the correct grain size
