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An effective and efficient vehicle detection using ER-EMA-YOLOv10n
Full text linkVehicle detection plays a key role in automating traffic analysis, a field that continues to advance rapidly. Vision-based systems identify vehicle types and sizes, but achieving high accuracy and efficiency remains a challenge. Reliable real-world deployment requires optimized models that balance performance and computational cost. YOLOv10n, the most efficient version of the YOLO family, offers a solid foundation for lightweight feature extraction. To improve its detection performance, this study proposes an enhanced version of YOLOv10n by incorporating a scale-aware attention mechanism. We proposed the Expanded Refinement Efficient Multi-Scale Attention (ER-EMA) module, which enhances feature encoding by capturing vehicle characteristics across multiple receptive fields. ER-EMA consists of two core components: the Expanded Converted Inverted Block (ECIB) and the Convolutional Refinement Block (CRB). These components use diverse convolutional kernels to extract and refine multi-frequency spatial features. Integrating ER-EMA into the YOLOv10n framework produces a more compact and accurate detection model. Experimental results show that the proposed model increases mAP@50 by 1%, while reducing the number of parameters by 0.1M and computation by 0.1 GFLOPS on the Vehicle-COCO dataset. On the UA-DETRAC benchmark, it achieves a 4% improvement in mAP@50:95, with a reduction of 0.2M in parameters and 0.4 GFLOPS in computational efficiency—outperforming the original YOLOv10n and prior methods in both performance and computational efficiency
Determination of critical factors and the best alternatives for developing biodiesel from Maggot BSF
Full text linkThis paper explores the approach for producing biodiesel from Maggot Black Soldier Fly (BSF) as a sustainable renewable energy source in Indonesia. The SWOT and VIKOR techniques determine the most effective strategy for promoting renewable energy in Indonesia. The paper included numerous respondents to ascertain the criteria and assess each option. Environmental consciousness is an important strong component in biodiesel development, with a value of 1.52. A significant drawback in biodiesel production is the elevated investment costs, quantified at 1.48. A notable opportunity in biodiesel development is its potential as an environmentally sustainable energy alternative, scoring 1.32, while a considerable threat is inadequate financial assistance, scoring 1.24. Moreover, applying the VIKOR approach reveals that alternative 6 (Enhancing collaboration among stakeholders) is the most critical option, as expert evaluations indicate, with a value of 0.048. The outcomes of this study require enhancement since additional research is necessary to yield more precise findings that will augment our comprehension of the evolution of renewable energy in Indonesia. Future studies should focus on the ramifications of producing biodiesel from BSF maggots, particularly in terms of energy security and energy autonomy in Indonesia.
Use of activated carbon from NiO modified Polyethylene Terephthalate plastic bottle waste to optimize natural gas storage in Adsorbed Natural Gas (ANG) technology
No full textStorage and transportation of natural gas are major challenges in optimizing energy use. To overcome the challenges, Adsorbed Natural Gas (ANG) technology offers a promising alternative for increasing storage capacity at lower pressures. Therefore, this study aims to explore the efficiency of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles converted into activated carbon through pre-treatment, carbonization, chemical activation with 4 M KOH, and physical activation using N₂ flow. Modification of activated carbon was carried out using NiO metal impregnation at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% to enhance adsorption performance. The results of characterization using iodine number, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the 2% NiO-impregnated sample had the highest surface area of 997.65 m²/g. Natural gas adsorption and desorption testing showed that this material achieved the maximum storage capacity of 138.9 g/kg at 28°C and 9 bar, with superior performance compared to non-impregnated samples and several previously reported ANG adsorbents. These results showed that combining NiO modification with KOH-activated PET waste improved methane uptake beyond commercial activated carbons and provided an environmentally sustainable solution for plastic waste valorization.
The effect of different levels of cleanness of the pre-coat surface on adhesion and corrosion performance of A36 steel with epoxy coating
Full text linkAdhesion and corrosion protection are the main properties of epoxy coatings, especially when applied to materials exposed to harsh environments, such as chloride-containing water. However, the adhesion and corrosion protection of coatings are affected by surface preparation, especially the cleanliness of the substrate surface prior to coating application. Choosing the proper surface preparation can optimize the coating's capabilities. This research aims to evaluate the Effect of blasting process cleanliness on coating performance on the steel surface. The novel approach is to correlate NACE surface cleanliness standards with coating performance. In this study, A36 steel is used. The cleaning procedure uses an air-blasting process with an 8-bar nozzle pressure and at least 5 minutes of spraying time to meet the desired National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) standard. The abrasive utilizing garnet with a mesh of 30-40. Meanwhile, coating is performed at room temperature using the airless spray method with a 90° angle, a distance of 25 cm from the substrate and the nozzle, and a nozzle speed of 300 mm/s. The gap in the coating process between the first and second layers is 24 hours. The results showed that surface preparation influenced the coating's pullout strength and corrosion performance. The pullout strength test demonstrated that NACE 2 provided the highest pullout strength. Likewise, corrosion rate testing showed that surface preparation affects the corrosion rate, with NACE 1 providing the lowest corrosion rate (the best corrosion protection).
Utilization of teak wood powder waste as eco-friendly filler in HRS-WC asphalt: a comparative analysis of dry and wet Marshall mix methods
No full textWith the increasing demand for road durability driven by rapid economic development, innovative and sustainable approaches are essential to improve the strength and service life of road pavements. This study investigates the use of teak wood powder waste (TWPW) as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly filler material in Hot Rolled Sheet – Wearing Course (HRS-WC) asphalt mixtures. Utilizing bio-waste not only supports circular economic principles but also offers economic benefits by reducing the reliance on conventional and more expensive fillers. The research evaluates various TWPW concentrations (0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9%) and their effects on key Marshall test parameters, including stability, flow, Marshall Quotient (MQ), Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA), Voids in Mix (VIM), and Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA). Samples were prepared using both dry and wet methods in accordance with Bina Marga (2018) specifications. The results indicate that the optimum filler content was 0.9% for the dry method (stability: 1042.68 kg) and 0.6% for the wet method (stability: 1161.14 kg). SEM analysis confirmed that filler dispersion significantly influences the internal structure and porosity of the mixture. At 0.3% and 0.6%, the filler was more evenly distributed, leading to improved compaction and mechanical performance. Conversely, agglomeration at 0.9% increased voids and reduced compaction quality. This study demonstrates that TWPW can serve as a viable low-cost filler alternative, maintaining pavement performance while reducing material costs and environmental impact. The findings support the adoption of sustainable waste utilization practices in road construction
Shear strength enhancement of fine sand soil using Guar Gum biopolymer under varying curing conditions
Full text linkThis study investigates the effect of Guar Gum biopolymer on the shear strength behaviour of fine sand soil, with the aim of evaluating its potential as a sustainable soil stabilization agent. A series of direct shear tests, following ASTM D3080-23, was conducted on Guar Gum-treated soil samples with varying biopolymer concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) and water content (10%, 12%, and 15%). Curing durations of 2, 5, and 7 days were applied to assess time-dependent strength development. The shear strength parameters, cohesion (c) and internal friction angle (φ), were evaluated to quantify the improvement in soil performance. The results showed that cohesion increased with higher Guar Gum concentration and longer curing times, with the highest cohesion (0.105 kg/cm²) observed at 5% concentration after 7 days. However, the internal friction angle decreased with prolonged curing, suggesting a shift from the frictional to cohesive strength. Water content had a significant impact, with 10–12% yielding optimal results. At a water content of 12 %, the highest internal friction angle (52°) was recorded after 7 days. Overall, the findings confirm that Guar Gum can significantly enhance the shear strength of fine sand when key parameters are optimized, offering an effective, environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical stabilizers in geotechnical applications.
Compound development as a protective layer on fecral substrate by a combination of γ-Al2O3 ultrasonic and NiO electroplating techniques to improve thermal stability
No full textOne of the most technologically advanced methods for developing and adhering catalysts to the FeCrAl substrate is electrophoretic deposition. However, it faces a problem: low thermal stability at high temperatures of 10000 °C, caused by a lack of a protective oxide layer. The goal of this study is to investigate the protective oxide layers formed by Al2O3 and NiO coatings on FeCrAl metallic material for catalytic converters (CATCO). The electrolyte was prepared with distilled water at a constant temperature of 40±50 °C. The pH was adjusted to 5 with HCl and NaOH reagents. The electrolyte was prepared at 40 ± 50 °C and stirred for 1 minute using a magnetic stirrer. A 50mm x 10mm Ni plate substrate served as the anode, while a 40mm x 20mm FeCrAl cathode was used. The spacing between the anode and cathode was set at 25mm. The electroplating was conducted for several variation times of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes, current density of 8 A/dm2, 3g γ-Al2O3 was inserted into the beaker for each sample and the total surface area was 1600mm2 on both sides. Drying was performed after electroplating at 600 °C for 12 hours. Raman spectroscopy revealed that several compounds observed during the experimental stages, such as FeCrAl, γ-Al2O3, NiO, NaO2, NiAl2O4, NiCr2O4, and FeCr2O3, were also present in the coated FeCrAl CATCO, with distinct peaks. Therefore, it can be concluded that the UB+EL 30 min successfully deposited the γ-Al2O3 and NiO on the FeCrAl substrate after CATCO fabrication
An ultra-broadband microstrip antenna using a triple dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure
Full text linkMicrostrip antennas are widely used in modern communication systems due to their compact size and low profile. However, they typically suffer from narrow bandwidth, limiting their performance in advanced wireless applications. This study addresses this limitation by employing a triple dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DGS). The antenna is designed to operate at 3.5 GHz using a Rogers RT5880 substrate, and its performance was analyzed through simulations in HFSS 15.0 software. Without the DGS, the antenna exhibits a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of only 1.71%, operating from 3.47 GHz to 3.53 GHz. Incorporating the triple dumbbell-shaped DGS in the ground layer increases the FBW significantly to 53.6%, extending the operating frequency range from 2.39 GHz to 4.14 GHz. This improvement was achieved through the careful optimization of DGS parameters. The simulated gain at 3.5 GHz is 5.13 dBi. The proposed design demonstrates superior performance compared to conventional techniques such as split-ring resonators (SRR) and Butler matrix (BM) configurations. Simulation and measurement results show excellent agreement, validating the design. The achieved ultra-wideband performance benefits 5G and next-generation systems, offering greater frequency tolerance, diverse signal support, increased capacity, and reliable operation, making the antenna a promising candidate for future wireless applications.
Real-time deep neural network-based waste detection and classification using a camera sensor
Full text linkWaste generation is a growing environmental concern, with manual sorting methods often being inefficient and error-prone, particularly under varying lighting and environmental conditions. In Indonesia, waste is typically categorized into organic and nonorganic, yet existing automated classification systems lack real-time capabilities and robustness in dynamic settings. This study proposes a novel real-time waste detection and classification system using a deep neural network, implemented on the Jetson Nano platform with a camera sensor. The system utilizes the ResNet-18 convolutional neural network architecture and is developed using Python. It is designed to distinguish between organic and nonorganic waste in real-time. Training was conducted over 30 epochs, and the system was tested under various lighting conditions—morning, daytime, afternoon, and nighttime. Results show high accuracy: 95.24% in the morning, 95.24% during the day, 90.45% in the afternoon, and 86.90% at night, with an average accuracy of 91.96%. Performance was influenced by factors such as lighting intensity, distance, waste position, changes in organic waste, and occlusion by plastic. The proposed system offers a significant improvement over traditional and existing methods by enabling accurate, real-time waste classification under diverse conditions, contributing to more efficient and intelligent waste management
3D numerical investigation of roadway bridge response under hydrodynamic forces and local scour in stiff clay and sand foundations
No full textBridges are critical components of transportation networks but are highly vulnerable to failure during extreme flood events, particularly due to hydrodynamic forces and local scour. This study quantitatively evaluates the effects of flood velocity and scour depth on bridge pier displacement for two representative soil conditions: very stiff clay (Ground Type B) and medium-dense sand (Ground Type C). A 3D finite-element model incorporating non-linear p–y springs was developed in CSI Bridge to represent soil–structure interaction (SSI). A total of 192 simulations were performed across flood velocities of 2–16 m/s and scour depths ranging from 0DF to 2DF. The results show that pier displacement increases systematically with both velocity and scour, with medium-dense sand exhibiting up to 30% higher displacement than very stiff clay at severe flood conditions (0.07 m vs. 0.06 m). These findings highlight the importance of soil stiffness in governing pier response under extreme hydrodynamic loading. While the study does not address debris impact, flow directionality or additional hydraulic parameters, the outcomes provide valuable insight for improving foundation design and incorporating SSI considerations into flood-resilient bridge engineering