148 research outputs found
Mortality, morbidity, and hospitalisations due to influenza lower respiratory tract infections, 2017: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textBackground Although the burden of influenza is often discussed in the context of historical pandemics and the threat of future pandemics, every year a substantial burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and other respiratory conditions (like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are attributable to seasonal influenza. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2017 is a systematic scientific effort to quantify the health loss associated with a comprehensive set of diseases and disabilities. In this Article, we focus on LRTIs that can be attributed to influenza. Methods We modelled the LRTI incidence, hospitalisations, and mortality attributable to influenza for every country and selected subnational locations by age and year from 1990 to 2017 as part of GBD 2017. We used a counterfactual approach that first estimated the LRTI incidence, hospitalisations, and mortality and then attributed a fraction of those outcomes to influenza. Findings Influenza LRTI was responsible for an estimated 145 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 99 000–200 000) deaths among all ages in 2017. The influenza LRTI mortality rate was highest among adults older than 70 years (16·4 deaths per 100 000 [95% UI 11·6–21·9]), and the highest rate among all ages was in eastern Europe (5·2 per 100 000 population [95% UI 3·5–7·2]). We estimated that influenza LRTIs accounted for 9 459000 (95% UI 3 709000–22 935000) hospitalisations due to LRTIs and 81 536 000 hospital days (24 330 000–259851 000). We estimated that 11·5% (95% UI 10·0–12·9) of LRTI episodes were attributable to influenza, corresponding to 54481 000 (38465000–73864000) episodes and 8172000 severe episodes (5 000 000–13 296000). Interpretation This comprehensive assessment of the burden of influenza LRTIs shows the substantial annual effect of influenza on global health. Although preparedness planning will be important for potential pandemics, health loss due to seasonal influenza LRTIs should not be overlooked, and vaccine use should be considered. Efforts to improve influenza prevention measures are needed.Alvis-Guzmán, Nelson-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-9458-864X-600Troeger, Christopher EBlacker, Brigette FKhalil, Ibrahim AZimsen, Stephanie R MAlbertson, Samuel BAbate, DeguAbdela, JemalBallav Adhikari, TaraAghasi Aghayan, Sargi
ESM Table 1 from A test of the European Pleistocene refugial paradigm, using a Western Palearctic endemic bird species
No full textSupplementary Table S1 for: S.V. Drovetski, I.V. Fadeev, M. Raković, R.J. Lopes, G. Boano, M. Pavia, E.A. Koblik, Y.V. Lohman, Y.A. Red'kin, S.A. Aghayan, S. Reis, S.S. Drovetskaya, and G. Voelker.A test of the European Pleistocene Refugial Paradigm, using a Western Palearctic endemic bird species. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.160
ESM Table 2 from A test of the European Pleistocene refugial paradigm, using a Western Palearctic endemic bird species
No full textSupplementary Table S1 for: S.V. Drovetski, I.V. Fadeev, M. Raković, R.J. Lopes, G. Boano, M. Pavia, E.A. Koblik, Y.V. Lohman, Y.A. Red'kin, S.A. Aghayan, S. Reis, S.S. Drovetskaya, and G. Voelker.A test of the European Pleistocene Refugial Paradigm, using a Western Palearctic endemic bird species.DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.160
Nagorno-Karabakh: Learning from the Flemish Experience within Belgium?
No full textThe author offers a unique analysis in which he drwas comparisons between the independence movements of Flanders and Nagorno-Karabakh in order to highlight some surprisingly common features. After stating that neither Flanders nor Nagorno-Karabakh would tolerate the resurrection of a unitary, centralised state, he offers different policy options for the next stages in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution.status: Publishe
Endocrine Disrupters and Metabolism
No full textThis eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
Ion acceleration in electrostatic field of charged cavity created by ultra-short laser pulses of 1020-1021 W/cm2
No full textIon acceleration resulting from the interaction of ultra-high intensity and ultra-high contrast (∼10−10) laser pulses with thin Al foil targets at 30° angle of laser incidence is studied. Proton maximum energies of 30 and 18 MeV are measured along the target normal rear and front sides, respectively, showing intensity scaling as Ib. For the target front bfront = 0.5-0.6 and for the target rear brear = 0.7-0.8 is observed in the intensity range 1020-1021 W/cm2. The fast scaling from the target rear ∼I0.75 can be attributed enhancement of laser energy absorption as already observed at relatively low intensities. The backward acceleration of the front side protons with intensity scaling as ∼I0.5 can be attributed to the to the formation of a positively charged cavity at the target front via ponderomotive displacement of the target electrons at the interaction of relativistic intense laser pulses with a solid target. The experimental results are in a good agreement with theoretical predictions. © 2017 Author(s)1111sciescopu
Endocrine Disrupters and Metabolism
No full textThis eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
A Pilot PCR screening of Toxoplasma gondii in birds of Armenia
No full textToxoplasma gondii is a common zoonotic protozoan parasite found worldwide in various species of birds and mammals, including humans. Migratory birds play a crucial role in spreading pathogens such as T. gondii to new areas. Armenia is particularly important in this regard, as it lies at the crossroads of three major migratory flyways; however, there has been no previous research on T. gondii infection in wild birds in this region. This study represents the first molecular detection of active T. gondii infection in the blood of wild birds and examines its prevalence in relation to risk factors such as age, sex, migratory status and feeding habits. The research was carried out in the Megri region of Syunik province during the breeding seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2018. The presence of the parasite was assessed in 116 passerines using PCR with specific primers derived from the RE gene, with an average prevalence of 12%. The highest infection rates were found in Upcher's Warbler (Hippolais languida) with 36% (4 out of 11), Eastern Black-eared Wheatear (Oenanthe melanoleuca) with 33% (2 out of 6) and Eastern Orphean Warbler (Curruca crassirostris) with 19% (5 out of 27). Long-distance migrants had a higher prevalence of T. gondii than resident birds (χ2= 7.11, DF = 2, p = 0.029). No significant differences in infection rates were found based on sex or age. The relationship between infection and feeding behavior in the local distribution of toxoplasmosis remains unclear, highlighting the need for further research using new methodologies, different species, broader geographical coverage and larger sample sizes
Phylogenomics revealed migration routes and adaptive radiation timing of holarctic malaria mosquito species of the Maculipennis group
No full textBackgroundPhylogenetic analyses of closely related species of mosquitoes are important for better understanding the evolution of traits contributing to transmission of vector-borne diseases. Six out of 41 dominant malaria vectors of the genus Anopheles in the world belong to the Maculipennis Group, which is subdivided into two Nearctic subgroups (Freeborni and Quadrimaculatus) and one Palearctic (Maculipennis) subgroup. Although previous studies considered the Nearctic subgroups as ancestral, details about their relationship with the Palearctic subgroup, and their migration times and routes from North America to Eurasia remain controversial. The Palearctic species An. beklemishevi is currently included in the Nearctic Quadrimaculatus subgroup adding to the uncertainties in mosquito systematics.ResultsTo reconstruct historic relationships in the Maculipennis Group, we conducted a phylogenomic analysis of 11 Palearctic and 2 Nearctic species based on sequences of 1271 orthologous genes. The analysis indicated that the Palearctic species An. beklemishevi clusters together with other Eurasian species and represents a basal lineage among them. Also, An. beklemishevi is related more closely to An. freeborni, which inhabits the Western United States, rather than to An. quadrimaculatus, a species from the Eastern United States. The time-calibrated tree suggests a migration of mosquitoes in the Maculipennis Group from North America to Eurasia about 20-25 million years ago through the Bering Land Bridge. A Hybridcheck analysis demonstrated highly significant signatures of introgression events between allopatric species An. labranchiae and An. beklemishevi. The analysis also identified ancestral introgression events between An. sacharovi and its Nearctic relative An. freeborni despite their current geographic isolation. The reconstructed phylogeny suggests that vector competence and the ability to enter complete diapause during winter evolved independently in different lineages of the Maculipennis Group.ConclusionsOur phylogenomic analyses reveal migration routes and adaptive radiation timing of Holarctic malaria vectors and strongly support the inclusion of An. beklemishevi into the Maculipennis Subgroup. Detailed knowledge of the evolutionary history of the Maculipennis Subgroup provides a framework for examining the genomic changes related to ecological adaptation and susceptibility to human pathogens. These genomic variations may inform researchers about similar changes in the future providing insights into the patterns of disease transmission in Eurasia
A systematic review on efficiency of microneme proteins to induce protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii
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