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The concept of Acceptance
No full textOver the recent years there has been a large development of various driver support systems with the intention to improve traffic safety. For these systems to be successful in reducing fatalities and trauma it is decisive that they are used by the drivers. Hence, the driver’s acceptance of the systems is vital. How acceptance can be measured depends on how it is defined. Unfortunately, there is no prevailing definition which has resulted in a number of different measurement methods, often with disparate outcomes. This paper discusses the definition of acceptance and how acceptance is measured. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh et al, 2003), used in the area of information technology, is analysed and put forward as a promising alternative to study the acceptance of driver support systems
DRIVERS' EVALUATIONS OF THE ACTIVE ACCELERATOR PEDAL IN A REAL-LIFE TRIAL
Get PDFIn a large-scale field trial, conducted between 2000 and 2001, the test drivers used the Active Accelerator Pedal for between 6 and 12 months in their regular cars. The drivers’ evaluations, elicited by questionnaires after one month of usage and at the end of the trial, were analysed with ANOVA (repeated-measure) and compared to the objectively measured effects in the same trial. The drivers found the system to be effective in decreasing their speed and believed their risk of being fined for speeding decreased drastically. On the other hand, their workload increased and their emotional state deteriorated. They reported an increased feeling of obstructing other drivers and reduced driving enjoyment. Between-subject effects showed a different way of using the system depending on age; younger drivers used the supporting function of the system more, while older drivers found the counter force more of a command to lower their speed. Time effects showed the importance of long-term evaluations and the interaction effects demonstrated how development of driver responses over time depend on driver type and initial attitude. Comparing driver subjective experiences and objectively measured effects, discrepancies were found in the magnitude of speed changes and car-following distances. The delegation of responsibility coincided well with the objectively measured effects. (Less)
Document type: Articl
Mobil IT och oskyddade trafikanter : en förstudie
No full textDenna rapport är framtagen med ekonomiskt stöd från Trafikverkets Skyltfond. Ståndpunkter och slutsatser i rapporten reflekterar författaren och överensstämmer inte med nödvändighet med Trafikverkets ståndpunkter och slutsatser inom rapportens ämnesområde. Trivector har under 2012 genomfört en förstudie av oskyddade trafikanters användning av mobil IT (lyssna på musik/radio, prata i telefon, läsa/skriva SMS mm.). Syfte är att öka förståelsen för hur mobil IT används av oskyddade trafikanter samt att bedöma hur stort ett eventuellt trafiksäkerhetsproblem är. Fotgängare och cyklister räknades, observerades och intervjuades på fyra platser i Lund och Malmö, två signalreglerade och två oreglerade korsningar med biltrafik. Totalt utfördes observationer under 32 timmar och enkätinsamling med 336 svaranden under 40 timmar. Resultaten räknades upp till Sverigenivå under antagandet att studiens resultat för olika ålders och könsgrupper (t.ex. kvinnor mellan 15 och 30 år) är representativt för användningen av mobil IT bland den gruppen i Sverige. Resultaten visar att mobil IT används i ungefär 15 % av alla gångresor och i 19 % av alla cykelresor. Vilket blir knappt en miljon gångresor och knappt en halv miljon cykelresor per dag i Sverige. Användningen är störst i de yngre åldersgrupperna och lägst i åldersgruppen över 50 år. Under kommande år får vi därför räkna med att användningen kan komma att öka eftersom användningen väntas följa med upp i åldrarna. Att lyssna på musik/radio är generellt sett den vanligaste aktiviteten, men även läsa och skriva sms samt prata i handhållen telefon rapporteras vara vanliga beteenden. Utifrån denna studie finns det inte mycket som tyder på att fotgängares användning av mobil IT skapar några allvarligare trafiksäkerhetsproblem, även om det inte helt kan uteslutas. Det finns alltid en risk att man inte hinner parera oförutsedda händelser, och den risken kan bli större om för mycket uppmärksamhet är riktat bort från trafiken t.ex. på mobil IT. Trafiksäkerhetsproblemet är potentiellt större för cyklister. Även om vi kan se exempel på en del kompensatoriska åtgärder, så som att se sig extra noga för, stanna för att slutföra en aktivitet när den omgivande trafiken ställer högre krav, så är andelen som inte uppger att de kompenserar så pass stor att detta bör studeras noggrannare. Om användningen av mobil IT leder till en incident eller olycka i 0,01 % av cykelresor där mobil IT används, så skulle det potentiellt ändå kunna leda till knappt 50 incidenter/olyckor per dag, d.v.s. drygt 18 000 incidenter/olyckor per år
Driver Experience and Acceptance of Driver Support Systems - A Case of Speed Adaptation
Get PDFSubstantial research and development efforts are being made to add driver support systems to the arsenal of traffic safety measures. Obviously, the system cannot reduce fatalities and trauma until it is actually used. Hence, drivers’ experiences and acceptance of the system are of paramount importance. A driver support system (ISA) has been investigated by means of real life trials in Sweden, Hungary and Spain, and the results show that the incentive for drivers to use an ISA system might be the money and embarrassment saved by avoiding speeding tickets, rather than increased traffic safety. Further, to assess the ‘final’, long-term experiences of the system, a longer period than one month of usage is necessary. This thesis conducts a literature review to systematically investigate how acceptance has been defined and how it has been measured within the driver support area. A new definition of acceptance is proposed: “the degree to which an individual intends to use a system and, when available, to incorporate the system in his/her driving”. Additionally, it explores whether the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model (UTAUT), which was originally developed for information technology, may be used as an acceptance model for driver support systems. A pilot test supported to some extent the use of the model. The model constructs ‘performance expectancy’ and ‘social influence’ affect drivers’ intention to use the system
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Development of HMI components for a driver assistance system for safe speed and safe distance
No full textA pre-screening procedure with a number of candidate Human-Machine-Interaction solutions (visual, auditory and haptic) for the concept of Safe Speed and Safe Distance was carried out. Two groups of about 30 test persons participated in the two-phase test procedure. Eleven candidate visual displays for speed information and ten alternatives for distance warning as well as twelve auditory warning sounds were screened by a standard procedure. Two alternatives of haptic feed-back via the accelerator pedal were tested in a mock-up driving seat. The activity resulted in recommendations for visual, auditory and haptic feedback alternatives to build the “warning package”
Drivers’ evaluations of the Active Accelerator Pedal in a real-life trial
No full textIn a large-scale field trial, conducted between 2000 and 2001, the test drivers used the Active Accelerator Pedal for between 6 and 12 months in their regular cars. The drivers’ evaluations, elicited by questionnaires after one month of usage and at the end of the trial, were analysed with ANOVA (repeated-measure) and compared to the objectively measured effects in the same trial. The drivers found the system to be effective in decreasing their speed and believed their risk of being fined for speeding decreased drastically. On the other hand, their workload increased and their emotional state deteriorated. They reported an increased feeling of obstructing other drivers and reduced driving enjoyment. Between-subject effects showed a different way of using the system depending on age; younger drivers used the supporting function of the system more, while older drivers found the counter force more of a command to lower their speed. Time effects showed the importance of long-term evaluations and the interaction effects demonstrated how development of driver responses over time depend on driver type and initial attitude. Comparing driver subjective experiences and objectively measured effects, discrepancies were found in the magnitude of speed changes and car-following distances. The delegation of responsibility coincided well with the objectively measured effects
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
DRIVERS' EVALUATIONS OF THE ACTIVE ACCELERATOR PEDAL IN A REAL-LIFE TRIAL
No full textIn a large-scale field trial, conducted between 2000 and 2001, the test drivers used the Active Accelerator Pedal for between 6 and 12 months in their regular cars. The drivers' evaluations, elicited by questionnaires after one month of usage and at the end of the trial, were analysed with ANOVA (repeated-measure) and compared to the objectively measured effects in the same trial. The drivers found the system to be effective in decreasing their speed and believed their risk of being fined for speeding decreased drastically. On the other hand, their workload increased and their emotional state deteriorated. They reported an increased feeling of obstructing other drivers and reduced driving enjoyment. Between-subject effects showed a different way of using the system depending on age; younger drivers used the supporting function of the system more, while older drivers found the counter force more of a command to lower their speed. Time effects showed the importance of long-term evaluations and the interaction effects demonstrated how development of driver responses over time depend on driver type and initial attitude. Comparing driver subjective experiences and objectively measured effects, discrepancies were found in the magnitude of speed changes and car-following distances. The delegation of responsibility coincided well with the objectively measured effects
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