196,398 research outputs found
Care and the capability of living a healthy life in a gender perspective
No full textThis paper deals with the definition of the capability of living a healthy life with special reference to the Italian context. The increasing ageing of Italian population and the higher likelihood for elderly to experience poorer health conditions (Addabbo, Picchio; 2010; Addabbo, Chiarolanza, Fuscaldo, Pirotti, 2010) lead us to focus especially on elderly population and gender differences in the measurement of the development of this capability. Institutional as well family and individual conversion factors are analysed in their interaction with the observed development of the capability of living a healthy life taking a gender perspective. To measure the latter we use both self assessed health status and objective gerontological measures of health conditions available in the Italian sample of the Survey of Health, Ageing, Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The self-completion questionaire, that is submitted only to a part of the whole SHARE sample, allows to gain important information on the household characteristics and in particular on the sharing of different responsibilities within the household (doing the cleaning, caring for children and elderlies, earning money etc.). Part of this information is also retrospective. This allows us to extend our analysis on the measurement of individual current achievement in the capability taking into account how conversion factors can interact with the development of the capability since it allows a long term analysis of their effect
Care and the Capability of Living a Healthy Life in a Gender Perspective
No full textThis paper deals with the definition of the capability of living a healthy life with special reference to the Italian context. The increasing ageing of Italian population and the higher likelihood for elderly to experience poorer health conditions (Addabbo, Picchio; 2010; Addabbo, Chiarolanza, Fuscaldo, Pirotti, 2010) lead us to focus especially on elderly population and gender differences in the measurement of the development of this capability.
Institutional as well family and individual conversion factors are analysed in their interaction with the observed development of the capability of living a healthy life taking a gender perspective.
To measure the latter we use both self assessed health status and objective gerontological measures of health conditions available in the Italian sample of the Survey of Health, Ageing, Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The self-completion questionaire, that is submitted only to a part of the whole SHARE sample, allows to gain important information on the household characteristics and in particular on the sharing of different responsibilities within the household (doing the cleaning, caring for children and elderlies, earning money etc.). Part of this information is also retrospective. This allows us to extend our analysis on the measurement of individual current achievement in the capability taking into account how conversion factors can interact with the development of the capability since it allows a long term analysis of their effect
Gender Equality and Public Policies
No full textGender inequalities in the employment likelihood and employment positions are still persistent as evidenced by gender equality index and they have been exacerbated by the impact of pandemics. At the basis of the different problems-underrepresentation of women, difficulty of balancing work and family obligations, lack of protection of women in workplace-there is a structural discrimination of women both within labour market and family life, ossified on the one hand in traditional patterns of work organization built on male breadwinner model, and on the other in a stereotyped conception of gender roles. The two aspects are inextricably connected. The real point is the sexual division of work, paid work for men and paid and unpaid work for women. This chapter reconstructs the existing employment inequalities by gender and refers to the different policies enacted to address the access to the labour market and the inequalities that characterize women’s employment in the access to apical positions and in terms of wage gap. To what extent have the policies been effective and what alliances should be created to let the objective of improved gender equality be reached?
Disuguaglianze di genere nel lavoro e nelle retribuzioni in Italia
No full textIl contributo analizza le disuguaglianze di genere che caratterizzano il mercato del lavoro in Italia riflettendosi nella persistenza di differenziali salariali a svantaggio delle donne. Nella prima parte si analizza la situazione in Italia rispetto al contesto europeo. Permane un forte differenziale di genere già nell’accesso al mercato del lavoro: il gap di genere nei tassi di occupazione si attesta a valori ben più alti della media europea. Le ultime indagini sui bilanci di tempo pur riportando una riduzione dell’indice di asimmetria nella distribuzione del lavoro non pagato per alcune tipologie familiari confermano le diseguaglianze esistenti nella distribuzione del tempo fra uomini e donne. Persiste inoltre la sotto rappresentazione delle donne all’interno del mercato del lavoro nelle posizioni apicali. La letteratura e l’evidenza empirica analizzata mostrano l’esistenza di differenziali salariali a svantaggio delle donne e la variazione dei differenziali lungo la distribuzione salariale. Utilizzando i micro dati dell’Indagine sulle condizioni di vita IT SILC relativamente al 2015, il saggio analizza quindi i differenziali salariali di genere verificando in che misura prendere atto delle diseguaglianze di genere nell’accesso al mercato del lavoro possa modificare la stessa stima del differenziale salariale e condurre a riflessioni sulle possibili implicazioni di politica economica
Discrimination of numerical ordinal relationships in 4-month-old infants|La discriminazione delle relazioni numeriche ordinali nei bambini di 4 mesi
No full textAvailable evidence shows that 7-month-old infants are able to represent and discriminate sequences whose numerical values increase or decrease by a 1:2 ratio, while 4-month-olds can represent and discriminate increasing ordinal sequences of elements that vary in size according to the same ratio. The aim of the current study is to investigate 4-month-old infants' ability to discriminate numerical ordinal sequences. Results demonstrate that 4-month-olds, unlike 7-month-olds, fail at discriminating inversions in order of numerical sequences that increase or decrease by a 1:2 ratio. These results are in line with the hypothesis, proposed by Brannon (2002), that the ability to detect order within size-based sequences precedes in development the ability to detect order within numerical sequences
Gender Inequalities, Households and the Production of Well-Being in Modern Europe
No full textDemographic change and economic liberalization are reshaping European states in a number of profound ways. In particular, an ageing population and shifts in the labour market are bringing new challenges to the welfare systems of the continent's nation states. Foremost among these challenges include the issue of how to cope with a growing population of dependent people and how to deal with a profound shift in the nature and organisation of work. The expansion of service sector employment, the emergence of more flexible working practices and the increased participation of women in European labour have been key trends in most European countries. These changes imply a modification of public and private responsibilities towards the provision of well-being among European populations, and a reconfiguration of the relationships between individuals, households and public institutions. This unique volume of essays seeks to analyse these changes and situate them in a wider historical and geographical context. It also aims to put gender at the centre of these analyses, demonstrating the uneven experiences of men and women as both providers and receivers of welfare. Contents: Preface, Cristina Borderías and Bernard Harris; Part I Gender, Work and Well-Being: Orientations: Introduction: households, gender and the production of well-being, Tindara Addabbo, Cristina Borderías, Marie-Pierre Arrizabalaga and Alastair Owens; Social justice and the gendered division of labour: possibilities and limits of the capability approach, Ingrid Robeyns; The first industrial nation and the first 'modern' family, Jane Humphries; Vulnerable bodies, total work and caring relationships: a new economic perspective, Antonella Picchio. Part II Gender, Care and Work: Strategies and networks: family earnings and institutional contributions to women's households in urban Sweden and Finland, 1890–1910, Beatrice Moring; gender and family care in crisis situations in 19th-century Austria, Margareth Lanzinger; Intergenerational support in families in modern Britain, Pat Thane; Unpaid work, well-being and the allocation of time in contemporary Italy, Tindara Addabbo, Antonella Caiumi and Anna Maccagnan; Care as a social construct: the case of home care workers in contemporary Belgium, Florence Degavre and Marthe Nyssens; Who cares when Grandmother gets sick? Ageing, employment and intergenerational family support in contemporary Europe, Kaisa Kauppinen. Part III Gender Inequalities in the Intra-Household Allocation of Resources: Gender inequalities in family consumption: Spain 1850–1930, Cristina Borderías, Pilar Pérez-Fuentes and Carmen Sarasúa; Institutional constraints and intra-family inequalities in access to education: Swiss federalism and the gendered well-being of siblings, 1880–1930, Anne-Françoise Praz; Celibacy and gender inequalities in the Pyrenees in the 19th and 20th centuries, Marie-Pierre Arrizabalaga; Gender, money and capabilities, Elisabetta Addis; Gender equality post-separation in contemporary Europe: the case of income, Sally Bould, Gunther Schmaus and Claire Gavray
τ-Functions, Birkhoff Factorizations and Difference Equations
No full textQ-systems and T-systems are systems of integrable difference equations that have recently attracted much attention and have wide applications in representation theory and statistical mechanics. We show that certain τ-functions, given as matrix elements of the action of the loop group of GL₂ on two-component fermionic Fock space, give solutions of a Q-system. An obvious generalization using the loop group of GL₃ acting on three-component fermionic Fock space leads to a new system of 4 difference equations.The authors gratefully acknowledge travel support from the Simons Foundation, Collaboration Grant 245048. Addabbo expresses thanks for support from Dr. Lois M. Lackner Mathematics Fellowships, the University of Illinois Research Board, and the Associate Alumnae of Douglass College. The authors also thank Philippe Di Francesco and Rinat Kedem for helpful conversations, and anonymous referees for many helpful comments
Is there an immigrant-gender gap in education? An empirical investigation based on PISA data from Italy.
No full textGender and origin background are widely accepted in the economics of education literature as factors that highly correlate with educational outcomes. However, little attention has been devoted so far to the interaction of these two dimensions. We use Italian data from PISA 2015 to investigate potential immigrant-gender gaps in education. We find that, as expected, girls outperform boys in reading and are outperformed by them in math and science. In addition, immigrant students’ scores are persistently below those of natives. However, interestingly, we find that being immigrant and female does not imply a double disadvantage in math and science. On the contrary, immigrant girls slightly compensate for the immigrant gap in all disciplines. Moreover, the wider gap we find is that of immigrant boys in reading: it ranges from to 0.66 to 2 school years with respect to native boys. Language spoken at home is one of the main cofactors affecting immigrant boy’s scores. Targeted policies should therefore be implemented
The Italian Labour Market and the Crisis
No full textThe aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of the crisis on the Italian labour market. The Italian labour market is characterized by deep gender differences and regional variability. The data show that the crisis lead to an increase in the gap of female employment rates and women?s inactivity rates with respect to Europe. The North of Italy experienced a higher increase in unemployment than the South, where many people withdrew from the labour market because of poor employment prospects. Moreover, in Italy, the increase in unemployment has been mitigated by the increase in the number of workers having access to the wage supplementation fund who are not computed within the unemployed. However, the heterogeneity in the system of unemployment benefits increased inequalities amongst the unemployed. Using a micro simulation techniques, we estimate the effect of the crisis on income distribution and poverty and find that at the national level, the population showed a reduction in equivalised household income by about 1 percent. The limited impact on household?s equivalent income can be connected to the relatively high share of unemployed who are young with relatively low income and sustained by other members of the householdlabour market, poverty, economic crisis
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