1,720,958 research outputs found
The impact of institutional transformations on MNEs entrepreneurship in emerging economies
No full textThis paper examines how an emerging economy's institutional context motivates different forms of MNE entrepreneurship, which, subsequently, leads either to economic development or economic growth. To do so, the paper distinguishes emerging economies' institutional environment into a state of stable conditions and a state of crisis and i t reconciles such a distinction with Cantwell's et al. (2010) coevolution framework. Secondary statistic data, in conjunction with the appreciative method, have been applied to test the three hypotheses developed. Results reveal that in the periods 1990-2001 and 2008-2011 institutional avoidance and adaptation took place. In the period 2002-2007 institutional coevolution emerged, while in the period 2012-2016 institutional avoidance prevailed
MNEs Entry Mode Choices: The Impact of Past on Current. Evidence from an Emerging Economy
Get PDFThe paper examines the effect past entry strategies have on current ones on a country level, Turkey. It illustrates how international experience and institutional distance affect the way an entry-strategy is formed, and the procedure followed -mode learning, mode inertia, mode dynamics. To do so, it synthesizes the literature review within the framework of Benito et al. (2009). This paper’s modifications are empirically tested through a sample of 408 foreign equity investments. The econometric testing method implemented is that of Binary Logistic Regression. The period of investigation extends between 2011 and 2017. Results indicate that MNEs entering the Turkish secondary and tertiary Turkish sectors tend to utilize past entry mode strategies. Furthermore, the higher the past mode strategy is for an MNE, then it is 4.4 more possible for them to choose a wholly owned subsidiary. 
Πολυεθνικές επιχειρήσεις, η επιλογή εισόδου μιας πολυεθνικής επιχείρησης σε μια ξένη αγορά και αναδυόμενες οικονομίες: μια προσέγγιση κόστους και θεσμών: η περίπτωση της Τουρκίας
No full textThe aim of the present thesis is to reconcile FDI equity mode strategy in Turkey as a function of cultural, institutional, geographic, and economic distance. More specifically, this thesis aims firstly, at the transformation of the “CAGE” distance framework to “CIGE” distance framework. Secondly, at the distinction between cultural and institutional concept. Thirdly, at the construction of a model with specific characteristics. Fourthly, at the empirical implementation of the model by specifically analyzing the entry mode choice in a wholly owned subsidiary- the MNE holds 100% of the equity- as opposed to JV subsidiary-MNE holds from 10-90% of the equity- and its different forms– minority, co-ownership and majority JV- through the implementation of the “CAGE (Cultural, Administrative/political, Geographic, and Economic) Distance framework” as developed by Ghemawat (2001).This is proposed to be achieved by analyzing and comparing how each form of distance affects entry mode choice strategy. This aim is based on the premises that Ghemawat's (2001) conceptual framework is a comprehensive framework which employs a variety of distance determinants (cultural, economic, geographic, etc.) and simultaneously provides the basis for the development of an “envelop” approach. All the above are accomplished through a sample of 245 MNEs, coming from 17 European Union (EU) and 21 non EU countries from the dataset of the Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Investment Support and Promotion Agency (ISPAT) and also through the Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) econometric testing method.Empirical results indicate that both institutional and transactional costs are important aspects of entry mode choice in the case of Turkey. The most preferred entry mode choice in the case of Turkey is wholly owned subsidiary. More specifically, cultural distance measured using Hofstede cultural model is insignificant in all models and in all cases providing no support to Hypothesis 1a. On the other hand, cultural distance as measured by GLOBE model, it is significant only in models 2, 3, and 4 in the case where co-ownership JV is compared to WOS, providing weak support to Hypothesis 1b. Institutional distance when it is analyzed as a whole (the sum of regulative and normative distances), then it is significant in model 1 where majority joint venture is compared to WOS providing weak support to Hypothesis 2a. When institutional distance is analyzed into its components, then it is insignificant in all models, providing no support to Hypothesis 2a. When institutional distance is analyzed only into its regulative aspects then it is significant only in model 3 in the case where co-ownership is compared to WOS, providing weak support to Hypothesis 2b. And finally, when institutional distance is analyzed into its normative forces, then it is significant in model 4 in the case where co-ownership is compared to WOS, providing weak support to Hypothesis 2c. Geographic distance indicates two main results: firstly, it is significant in base model and model 1 in all cases, providing strong support to Hypothesis 3 and secondly, in models 2, 3, and 4 it is significant in the cases where minority and majority joint ventures are compared to WOS, providing moderate support to Hypothesis 3. Finally, economic distance is significant in all models but only in one case where co-ownership is compared to WOS, providing moderate support to Hypothesis 4.Ο στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι να μελετήσει πως η μορφή εισόδου μιας Πολυεθνικής Επιχείρησης (ΠΕ) σε μια ξένη αγορά επηρεάζεται από την πολιτισμική, θεσμική, γεωγραφική, και οικονομική απόσταση δυο χωρών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η παρούσα διατριβή στοχεύει να μετατρέψει το “CAGE” θεωρητικό πλαίσιο σε “CIGE”, εφαρμόζοντας κάποιες τροποποιήσεις. Πρώτον, τη διάκριση ανάμεσα σε πολιτισμική και θεσμική απόσταση, δεύτερον, την κατασκευή ενός οικονομετρικού μοντέλου με συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά, και τρίτον την εμπειρική εφαρμογή του μοντέλου αναλύοντας την μορφή εισόδου των ΠΕ στις ακόλουθες μορφές. Δημιουργία μιας νέα θυγατρικής (Wholly Owned Subsidiary) (WOS) και διάφορες μορφές Κοινοπραξίας (Joint Venture) όπως πλειοψηφική κοινοπραξία (majority JV), 50-50% κοινοπραξία (co-ownership JV), και μειονοτική κοινοπραξία (minority JV)Όλα τα παραπάνω θα επιτεθούν αναλύοντας και συγκρίνοντας πως κάθε είδους απόσταση (πολιτισμική, θεσμική, γεωγραφική , και οικονομική) θα επηρεάσει τη μορφή εισόδου των ΠΕ σε μια ξένη αγορά. Ο στόχος αυτός βασίζεται στο γεγονός ότι το «CAGE» θεωρητικό πλαίσιο είναι ένα πλήρες και ολοκληρωμένο θεωρητικό πλαίσιο, ικανό να αναδείξει μια νέα θεώρηση της απόστασης των χωρών μεταξύ τους.Όλα τα παραπάνω λαμβάνουν χώρα σε ένα δείγμα αποτελούμενο από 245 επενδύσεις που προέρχονται από 17 χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (ΕΕ) και 21 μη Ευρωπαϊκές χώρες. Η πηγή αυτών των επενδύσεων είναι η Investment Support and Promotion Agency (ISPAT) και η χρησιμοποιούμενη οικονομετρική μέθοδο Multinomial Logit Regression Model.Τα εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διατριβής δείχνουν ότι στην περίπτωση της Τουρκίας τόσο τα συναλλακτικά όσο και τα θεσμικά κόστη επηρεάζουν την απόφαση των ΠΕ να επενδύσουν στην Τουρκία. Η πιο συχνά χρησιμοποιούμενη μορφή εισόδου στην οικονομία της Τουρκίας από τις ΠΕ είναι η δημιουργία μιας εξολοκλήρου νέας θυγατρικής επιχείρησης. Ειδικότερα, η πολιτισμική απόσταση, όπως μετρήθηκε από το μοντέλο του Hofstede βρέθηκε μη στατιστικά σημαντική σε όλα τα μοντέλα και σε όλες τις μορφές εισόδου παρέχοντας καμία υποστήριξη στην Υπόθεση 1α. Από την άλλη πλευρά, η πολιτισμική απόσταση, όπως μετρήθηκε από το μοντέλο του GLOBΕ είναι στατιστικά σημαντική στα μοντέλα 2,3,4 αλλά μόνο στην περίπτωση που το WOS συγκρίνεται με co-ownership JV, παρέχοντας αδύναμη υποστήριξη στην Υπόθεση 1α. Στην περίπτωση της θεσμικής απόστασης υπάρχουν τέσσερα βασικά συμπεράσματα. Πρώτον, όταν η θεσμική απόσταση αναλύεται ως το άθροισμα της ρυθμιστικής και κανονιστικής απόστασης ταυτόχρονα, τότε είναι στατιστικά σημαντική μόνο στο μοντέλο 1 στην περίπτωση που το majority JV συγκρίνεται με το WOS, παρέχοντας αδύναμη υποστήριξη στην Υπόθεση 2α.. Δεύτερον, όταν η θεσμική απόσταση αναλύεται στις ρυθμιστικές και κανονιστικές της διαστάσεις τότε είναι στατιστικά ασήμαντη στο μοντέλο 2 σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις που συγκρίνονται με το WOS, παρέχοντας καμία υποστήριξη στην Υπόθεση 2α. Τρίτον, όταν η θεσμική απόσταση αναλύεται μόνο στη ρυθμιστική της διάσταση, τότε είναι στατιστικά σημαντική στο μοντέλο 3 στην περίπτωση που το co-ownership JV συγκρίνεται με το WOS παρέχοντας αδύναμη υποστήριξη στην Υπόθεση 2β.. Τέταρτον, όταν η θεσμική απόσταση αναλύεται μόνο στην κανονιστική της διάσταση, τότε είναι στατιστικά σημαντική μόνο στην περίπτωση που το co-ownership αναλύεται σε σχέση με το WOS, παρέχοντας αδύναμη υποστήριξη στην Υπόθεση 2γ. H γεωγραφική απόσταση εμφανίζει δυο αποτελέσματα: πρώτον, στο βασικό μοντέλο και μοντέλο 1 είναι στατιστικά σημαντική σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις που συγκρίνονται με το WOS, παρέχοντας ισχυρή υποστήριξη στην Υπόθεση 3. Ενώ στα μοντέλα 2, 3, και 4 η γεωγραφική απόσταση είναι στατιστικά σημαντική μόνο στις περιπτώσεις που το majority και minority JVs συγκρίνονται με το WOS, παρέχοντας μέτρια υποστήριξη στην Υπόθεση 3.. Tέλος, η οικονομική απόσταση είναι στατιστικά σημαντική σε όλα τα μοντέλα αλλά μόνο στην περίπτωση που co-ownership συγκρίνεται με το WOS, παρέχοντας μέτρια υποστήριξη στην Υπόθεση 4
MNEs entry strategies through a distance framework: A new perspective
No full textThe aim of the paper is to conceptually reconcile entry-mode strategy with the CAGE distance framework, going beyond narrow country-level borders and turning its attention to firm-level analysis. This main objective is split into two complementary intentions: first, the transformation of CAGE to "CIGE" distance framework. And, second, the approach of "CIGE" through the reconciliation of the TCA and Institutional theory. The context of the present analysis is emerging markets, since such economies frame the emerging organizational arrangements, practices and structures within which firms operate. The basic argument of the paper is that entry strategies in emerging markets will be affected by both transaction and institutional considerations. The paper contributes to the existing literature by conceptualizing entry-mode choice via a pluralistic, in terms of distance, framework. It introduces institutional distance into CAGE and approaches institutional distance as a "reservoir" of different institutional aspects that take into account challenges related to different institutional voids caused by various intermediaries. It integrates the reconciliation of TCA and Institutional theory into a unified distance setting in order to create a genuine interactive and dynamic conceptual basis on which TCA and institutional theory can apply. Last, it presents conceptual and managerial implications that open up new avenues for future empirical research
The Impact of Institutional Transformations on MNE Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies
No full textThis paper examines how an emerging economy’s institutional context motivates different forms of MNE entrepreneurship, which, subsequently, leads either to development or growth. To do so, the paper distinguishes emerging economies’ institutional environment into a state of stable conditions and a state of crisis and it reconciles such a distinction with Cantwell’s et al. (2010) coevolution framework. Secondary statistic data, in conjunction with the appreciative method, have been applied to test the three hypotheses developed. Results reveal that in the periods 1990-2001 and 2008-2011 institutional avoidance and adaptation took place. In the period 2002-2007 institutional coevolution emerged, while in the period 2012-2016 institutional avoidance prevailed.171 - 2486
A Managerial Coevolution Perspective in an Emerging Economy: Evidence From Turkey
No full textThe goal of this research is to conceptually unlink the relationship of MNEs, institutions andeconomic development, in order to shed light on how MNEs contribute to a country’s institutionaldevelopment and its economic development. To achieve this goal, this paper employs acoevolutionary approach, adopting and nurturing MNEs, institutions and economic development. Thepaper’s goal is divided into two steps: The first step consists of the synthesis of the literature that isrelevant with the coevolutionary approach, while the second involves the application of the synthesisto the emerging economy of Turkey for the period 1990–2011. Building on this foundation, thepresent exploratory paper’s findings indicate the following: First, economic development is a functionof a dynamic process which encapsulates all the regulative and normative aspects of an economy andthe interaction of exogenous and endogenous forces. Second, the Turkish economy, during the 1990–2001 and the 2008–2011 periods experienced institutional avoidance. Furthermore, during 2002–2007, the economy underwent a profound co–evolution process, which was accompanied with signsof institutional adaptation.1753254
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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