978 research outputs found
Spiritual Insight and Juristic Vision in Abu al-Laith al-Samarqandi’s Writings (d.373 A.H/983 A.D): A Critical Study
No full textIslam recognizes Bashr (Human Being) an abode of the physical and the spiritual existence. The Quranic notions of the Ruh (Spiritual existence) and Jasd (physical appearance) formulate the idea of an absolute meaning that confirms the existence of human being. This cohesive union gives an exact picture having traits of the both, the Ruhi and the Jasdi interconnection. The righteous (al-Rabaniyien) are very much capable of identifying mischief of the self (al-Nafs) through the power of gnosis (al-Marifah) by maintaining the pre-eminence of the Ruh over the Nafs. They remain devoted to the essence of the Shari‘ah and serve in capacity of a conscientious social being. The grand jurist Abu al-Laith al-Samarqandi (d.373 A.H/983 A.D), a distinguished jurist and spiritual guide is of the same stature. He possessed the qualities of a grand jurist, a visionary legal expert as well as a reputed spiritual master utilizing the Quranic intelligence to empower the human intellect through the intrinsic capacities. Abu al-Laith al-Samarqandi’s contribution to the diverse fields of knowledge and mystic experiences influenced discourse of the Muslim intellectual thought throughout cenuries. From Central Asia to Spain and Egypt to India, his works on Jurisprudence and philosophy mark an excellence in content as well as in exploration. Abu al-Laith al-Samarqandi’ approach is a placid endeavor to transform an individual through spiritual enlightenment while observing any religious obligation. The present paper is an attempt to discover legal and spiritual tendencies in Abu al-Laith al-Samarqandi, his contribution to ‘Ulum and conception of the spiritual empowerment
Does infection with Chlamydia trachomatis induce long-lasting partial immunity? Insights from mathematical modelling.
No full textOBJECTIVES: To explore whether existence of long-lasting partial immunity against reinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis is necessary to explain C. trachomatis prevalence patterns by age and sexual risk, and to provide a plausible estimate for the effect size, defined here as a reduction in susceptibility to reinfection. METHODS: A population-based mathematical model was constructed to describe C. trachomatis natural history and transmission dynamics by age and sexual risk. The model was parameterised using natural history, and epidemiological and sexual behaviour data, and applied for UK and US data. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of predictions to variations in model structure and to examine the impact of alternative assumptions for the mechanism underlying partial immunity. RESULTS: Partial immunity against reinfection was found necessary to explain observed C. trachomatis prevalence patterns by age and sexual risk. The reduction in susceptibility to reinfection was estimated at 93% using UK data (95% uncertainty interval (UI)=88%-97%) and at 67% using US data (95% UI=24%-88%). The model-structure sensitivity analyses affirmed model predictions. The immunity-mechanism sensitivity analyses suggested a mechanism of susceptibility reduction against reinfection or a mechanism of infectious-period duration reduction upon reinfection. CONCLUSIONS: A strong long-lasting partial immunity against C. trachomatis reinfection should be present to explain observed prevalence patterns. The mechanism of immunity could be either a reduction in susceptibility to reinfection or a reduction in duration of infection on reinfection. C. trachomatis infection appears to naturally elicit a strong long-lasting immune response, supporting the concept of vaccine development
Shahi Kot battle: Interview with Al-Qaeda's field commander Abu Laith Al-Libi ("the Libyan")
No full textDynamics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission among female sex workers and clients: A mathematical modeling study.
No full textBACKGROUND
This study aimed to examine the transmission dynamics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in heterosexual sex work networks (HSWNs) and the impact of variation in sexual behavior and interventions on NG epidemiology.
METHODS
The study employed an individual-based mathematical model to simulate NG transmission dynamics in sexual networks involving female sex workers (FSWs) and their clients, primarily focusing on the Middle East and North Africa region. A deterministic model was also used to describe NG transmission from clients to their spouses.
RESULTS
NG epidemiology in HSWNs displays two distinct patterns. In the common low-partner-number HSWNs, a significant proportion of NG incidence occurs among FSWs, with NG prevalence 13 times higher among FSWs than clients, and three times higher among clients than their spouses. Interventions substantially reduce incidence. Increasing condom use from 10 % to 50 % lowers NG prevalence among FSWs, clients, and their spouses from 12.2 % to 6.4 %, 1.2 % to 0.5 %, and 0.4 % to 0.2 %, respectively. Increasing symptomatic treatment coverage among FSWs from 0 % to 100 % decreases prevalence from 10.6 % to 4.5 %, 0.8 % to 0.4 %, and 0.3 % to 0.1 %, respectively. Increasing asymptomatic treatment coverage among FSWs from 0 % to 50 % decreases prevalence from 8.2 % to 0.4 %, 0.6 % to 0.1 %, and 0.2 % to 0.0 %, respectively, with very low prevalence when coverage exceeds 50 %. In high-partner-number HSWNs, prevalence among FSWs saturates at a high level, and the vast majority of incidence occurs among clients and their spouses, with a limited impact of incremental increases in interventions.
CONCLUSION
NG epidemiology in HSWNs is typically a "fragile epidemiology" that is responsive to a range of interventions even if the interventions are incremental, partially efficacious, and only applied to FSWs
Scholastic Theology [381]
No full textScholastic Theology.
This manuscript is now IO Islamic 2906 in the India Office collections.
[metadata: Otto Loth, A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office, (volume 1), no. 381 here with further notations and hyperlinks].
381.
2906. Size 103/4 in. by 81/2 in.; foll. 9. Twelve lines in a page.
A Muḥammadan Catechism, ascribed to Abu’l-Laith Muḥammad b. Abu Naṣr b. Ibrâhîm SAMARḲANDÎ (probably the well-known author, who is generally called Naṣr b. Muḥammad, d. A.H. 375 or 383). Cf. Catal. Mus. Brit. 393.
Begins:
الحمدلله ..قال الشیخ..مسئلة اذا قیل لک ما الایمان
With an interlinear Malay translation. Written in a large hand.
The rest of the volume consists of treatises in Malay
Planiliza abu
No full text<i>Planiliza abu</i> (Heckel, 1843) [N]—Abu mullet <p> <b>Taxonomy.</b> Original description: <i>Mugil abu</i> Heckel, 1843: 1097 [107] [Tigris River, near Mosul, Iraq; syntypes: NMW 9224-30 (7), 67868 (2)].— Iraq synonyms: <i>Chelon abu</i> (Heckel, 1843); <i>Liza abu</i> (Heckel, 1843).— Revisions: Thomson (1997: 513 as <i>Liza abu</i>).—Illustration: Randall (1995: 234, fig., as <i>Chelon abu</i>).</p> <p> <b>Status in Iraq.</b> First record from Iraq by Heckel (1843); confirmed by Al-Hassan <i>et al</i>. (1989).—Iraq materials: None.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> Distribution in Iraq: Euphrates and Tigris River drainages.—General distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf and adjacent Euphrates and Tigris River drainages (Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran).—Habitat: This is a freshwater mullet, found in streams, rivers, drains, channels, canals, lakes, reservoirs, and ponds, including fish farms. It is found in schools. It is found in surface waters and the submerged vegetation of lakes and marshes, preferring a gentle flow of water, and it enters deeper waters in cold winters. Freshwater, brackish, marine.</p> <p> <b>Economic importance.</b> Locally consumed, but of no commercial importance.</p> <p> <b>Conservation.</b> Conservation Status in Iraq: Unknown.—IUCN: LC (IUCN 2023).—Threats: CLI, EUT.—Low sensitivity to human activities.—Not considered as a keystone species.—Decline status: Stable.—Low priority for conservation action.</p>Published as part of <i>Çiçek, Erdoğan, Jawad, Laith, Eagderi, Soheil, Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Mouludi-Saleh, Atta, Sungur, Sevil & Fricke, Ronald, 2023, Freshwater fishes of Iraq: a revised and updated annotated checklist- 2023, pp. 1-49 in Zootaxa 5357 (1)</i> on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5357.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10012543">http://zenodo.org/record/10012543</a>
Are HIV epidemics among men who have sex with men emerging in the Middle East and North Africa?: a systematic review and data synthesis.
No full textBACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionately higher burden of HIV infection than the general population. MSM in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are a largely hidden population because of a prevailing stigma towards this type of sexual behavior, thereby limiting the ability to assess infection transmission patterns among them. It is widely perceived that data are virtually nonexistent on MSM and HIV in this region. The objective of this review was to delineate, for the first time, the evidence on the epidemiology of HIV among MSM in MENA. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This was a systematic review of all biological, behavioral, and other related data on HIV and MSM in MENA. Sources of data included PubMed (Medline), international organizations' reports and databases, country-level reports and databases including governmental and nongovernmental organization publications, and various other institutional documents. This review showed that onsiderable data are available on MSM and HIV in MENA. While HIV prevalence continues at low levels among different MSM groups, HIV epidemics appear to be emerging in at least few countries, with a prevalence reaching up to 28% among certain MSM groups. By 2008, the contribution of MSM transmission to the total HIV notified cases increased and exceeded 25% in several countries. The high levels of risk behavior (4-14 partners on average in the last six months among different MSM populations) and of biomarkers of risks (such as herpes simplex virus type 2 at 3%-54%), the overall low rate of consistent condom use (generally below 25%), the relative frequency of male sex work (20%-76%), and the substantial overlap with heterosexual risk behavior and injecting drug use suggest potential for further spread. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and data synthesis indicate that HIV epidemics appear to be emerging among MSM in at least a few MENA countries and could already be in a concentrated state among several MSM groups. There is an urgent need to expand HIV surveillance and access to HIV testing, prevention, and treatment services in a rapidly narrowing window of opportunity to prevent the worst of HIV transmission among MSM in the Middle East and North Africa. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Generic Results For The Effective+B168Ness Of Medical Male Circumcision As An Hiv Intervention In Sub-Saharan Africa
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