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Essais sur l'organisation industrielle
No full textCette thèse explore l'organisation industrielle des marchés publicitaires et des marchés de plateformes. Le premier chapitre étudie la répercussion des coûts publicitaires sur les prix des biens dans le marché des produits. Contrairement à d'autres intrants de production, la publicité modifie la forme de la courbe de demande à laquelle une entreprise fait face. L'évolution du coût de la publicité modifie les incitations à faire de la publicité et par conséquent les prix fixés sur le marché des produits. Le signe et l'ampleur du passthrough dépendent de l'effet de la publicité sur la demande. Pour quantifier empiriquement ce pass-through, j'exploite la variation du coût de la publicité à la télévision aux États-Unis sur la période de 2011 à 2016, et son effet sur les prix de 79 marques appartenant à 17 catégories de produits phares dans 15 000 magasins aux États-Unis. J'utilise le cycle des campagnes politiques pour isoler une variation du coût de la publicité exogène aux prix des produits et comparer le prix d'une même marque sur plusieurs marchés géographiques. Je trouve qu'une augmentation de 1 % du prix de 1000 impressions TV entraîne une baisse faible des prix dans la catégorie de biens médiane.Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'effet d'une taxe sur la structure du marché en tenant compte d'un éventuel ajustement dans la publicité. Pour cela, on prend le contexte des taxes sur les boissons gazeuses sucrées au Royaume-Uni. Les taxes sur les boissons gazeuses sucrées sont couramment utilisées pour réduire la consommation de sucre. Les effets des taxes sur les prix et la consommation ont été largement étudiés, cependant, il y a moins de travaux sur l'impact des taxes sur les choix stratégiques des entreprises par rapport aux dépenses publicitaires. Nous étudions comment les taxes sur les boissons gazeuses affectent à la fois les stratégies de tarification et de publicité des entreprises dans un jeu d'oligopole dynamique. Nous utilisons des données longitudinales pour estimer un modèle d'équilibre du marché du cola. Nous exploitons une caractéristique institutionnelle du marché publicitaire qui implique que les entreprises de cola délèguent les décisions sur les spots publicitaires à des agences. Cela nous permet de modéliser les impacts de la publicité à la demande tout en résolvant l'impact d'équilibre dynamique autrement insoluble de l'introduction d'une taxe. Nous constatons que le jeu de concurrence dynamique entre les principaux acteurs (Coca-Cola et Pepsi) se traduit par des réponses asymétriques dans les dépenses publicitaires, les deux entreprises réduisant leurs dépenses publicitaires en réponse à une taxe sur les boissons gazeuses sucrés.Le troisième chapitre étudie les décisions d'entrée et de tarification des vendeurs sur un marché doté d'un système de réputation. Nous fournissons un modèle de réputation, de tarification et d'entrée avec une hétérogénéité des coûts marginaux et d'opportunité et la réputation individuelle comme variable d'état. Les nouveaux vendeurs sont moins susceptibles de réintégrer la plateforme que les opérateurs historiques et les vendeurs qui ont moins de chance d'entrer dans les périodes suivantes fixent en moyenne des prix plus élevés. Notre modèle rationalise les faits stylisés que nous observons dans deux grands marchés en ligne. Nous estimons les paramètres de demande et de coût de notre modèle à l'aide des données d'une plate-forme de covoiturage, et nous utilisons les estimations pour évaluer le rôle de l'hétérogénéité des coûts dans la tarification et la valeur de la réputation. Nous diminuons de manière contrefactuelle la réputation des vendeurs en place et constatons qu'ils devraient être compensés par une somme économiquement significative pour la perte de leurs signaux de réputation. Nous interprétons ce résultat comme un coût informationnel qui empêche les vendeurs de transférer leur activité aux plateformes concurrentes.This thesis explores topics in the industrial organization of advertising markets and platform markets.The first chapter studies the passthrough of advertising cost onto the prices of goods in the products market. I provide a model of advertising where the pass-through is made explicit. Unlike other production inputs, advertising changes the shape of the demand curve an advertiser faces. Changes in the cost of advertising change the incentives to advertise and consequently the prices set on the product market. The sign and magnitude of the pass-through depend on the effect of advertising on demand, particularly the effect of ads on demand price sensitivity. To empirically quantify this pass-through, I exploit the variation in the cost of advertising on television in the US in the period from 2010 until 2016, and its effect on the prices of 79 brands belonging to 17 leading product categories in 15000 stores in the US. I use the political cycle to isolate a variation in the cost of advertising that is exogenous to the prices of products in fast-moving consumer market categories and compare the price of the same brand across geographic markets. I find that a 1 percent increase in the price of 1000 TV impressions leads to heterogeneous effects across product categories and the median product categories sees a slightly negative pass-through.The second chapter studies the effect of a tax on market structure accounting for a response in advertising. It takes the context of soda taxes in the UK. Soda taxes are commonly used to reduce sugar consumption. The effects of taxes on prices and consumption have been widely studied, however, there is less work on the impact of taxes on firms’ strategic choices over advertising spending. We study how soda taxes affect both the pricing and advertising strategies of firms in a dynamic oligopoly game. We use rich longitudinal data to estimate an equilibrium model of the cola market. We exploit an institutional feature of the advertising market that involves cola firms delegating decisions over advertising spots to agencies. This allows us to model the rich impacts of advertising on demand while solving the otherwise intractable dynamic equilibrium impact of the introduction of a tax. We find that the dynamic competition game between the main players (Coca-Cola and Pepsi) results in asymmetric responses in advertising spending, with both firms reducing advertising expenditure in response to a sugary soda tax.The third chapter studies the entry and pricing decisions of sellers in a market with a reputation system. We provide a model of reputation, pricing and entry with heterogeneity in marginal and opportunity costs and individual reputation as a state variable. We show that new sellers are generally less likely to reenter the platform than incumbents and sellers who have a lower chance of entering in subsequent periods set on average higher prices. The mechanism behind these findings is selection on marginal costs. Our model rationalizes stylized facts we observe in two large online marketplaces. We showcase a negative correlation of tenure on the platform, measured by the number of reviews, and prices set by sellers. However, after accounting for sellers’ unobserved characteristics, which we interpret as marginal costs, we find a positive relationship. We provide, further, evidence of the selection on unobservables by studying reentry decisions. We estimate the de- mand and cost parameters of our model using data from a ride-sharing platform, and we use the estimates to assess the role of cost heterogeneity in pricing, and the value of reputation. We counter-factually decrease the reputation state of incumbent sellers and find that they would need to be compensated by an economically significant sum for the loss of their reputation signals. We interpret this finding as an informational switching cost that prevents incumbent sellers from moving to new or competing platforms
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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