1,720,956 research outputs found
CHILD OCCUPANT SAFETY IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: CRASH, INJURY, AND ANTHROPOMETRIC ANALYSIS
No full textThe United Arab Emirates (UAE) has one of the highest rates of child occupant injuries and fatalities globally. A comprehensive review of the literature revealed very limited research on child occupant injuries and fatalities in the UAE. All but two of the identified studies relied on data from Al Ain-based sources namely - Al Ain Department of Preventive Medicine, Al Ain Hospital, and Tawwam Hospital - and were restricted to that city. Furthermore, most of these studies were conducted nearly 30 years ago with the two most recent ones (conducted over a decade ago) based on crash data that was already ten years old at the time of analysis. To address this significant gap, the first aim of this dissertation was to identify the key risk factors associated with child occupant injuries and fatalities using a recent national dataset to provide recommendations for achieving comprehensive reductions in child occupant injuries and fatalities. A retrospective population-based analyses of UAE national crash data for child occupants aged 17 years or younger at the time of the crash was conducted. The data was obtained from the UAE Ministry of Interior (MOI) for the years 2012-2023. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed to describe the demographic, crash, environmental, temporal, and outcome variables. Univariate ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the factors that were significantly associated with child occupant injury severity. The variables that were found to be significantly associated with child occupant injury severity were subsequently included in the multivariable model to adjust for potential confounding effects. The results show that girls were less likely to sustain injuries than boys (OR: 0.720, CI:-0.522, -0.137). Similarly, crashes due to tailgating (OR: 0.405, CI:-1.243, -0.562) and sudden deviation (OR: 0.713, CI:-0.596, -0.081) had lower injury risk compared to the “others” (distracted driving, negligence/inattention, impaired driving, non-compliance to traffic signals, right of way violation, etc.) crash causes. On the other hand, crashes due to speeding without considering road conditions (OR: 1.729, CI:0.211, 0.883) had higher odds of injuries for child occupants. Child occupants seated in the driver seating position (OR: 1.826, CI:0.350, 0.854) and front seat (OR: 1.784, CI:0.368, 0.790) were more likely to sustain injuries compared to those seated in the rear seat. Child occupant crashes that occurred at commercial areas (OR: 0.605, CI:-0.806, -0.199) had lower odds of injury compared to the “others” (government area, tunnel/bridge, school, sandy area, petrol station, etc.) crash locations. Conversely, highway crashes (OR: 1.301, CI:0.024, 0.503) were associated with increased injury risk for child occupants. Rollover crashes (OR: 2.718, CI:0.193, 0.862) and fixed-object collisions (OR: 1.465, CI:0.031, 0.732) were associated with higher odds of injury compared to the “others” (rotational collision, motionless collision, moving-object collision, consecutive collision, fall crash, etc.) crash types. Compared to crashes that occurred in fall, crashes that occurred in summer months were associated with higher injury risk for child occupants (OR: 1.307, CI:0.010, 0.526). These findings should be employed to develop strategies to improve child occupant safety in the UAE. Child passenger legislation (CPL) has proven to be effective in ensuring child restraint system (CRS) use, thereby positively enhancing the safety outcomes of traffic crashes involving children. Road safety legislation mandating the use of child safety seats (CSS) and seatbelts was enacted in July 2017 by the UAE government. This legislation requires the use of a CSS for children up to 4 years of age and seatbelt use for all other vehicle occupants. The second aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the impact of UAE’s CPL on reducing the counts and rates of injuries and fatalities per child population among child occupants aged 0–14 years from 2012 to 2023, controlling for several confounders. Time-series Poisson regression analyses were used compared to the incidence of these outcomes between the pre and post-legislation periods. The results indicate that the legislation significantly reduced the counts of minor injuries by 48% (IRR: 0.52, CI: 0.39-0.69, p\u3c 0.001), severe injuries by 55% (IRR: 0.45, CI: 0.21-0.96, p=0.044), and fatal injuries by 70% (IRR: 0.30, CI: 0.12-0.67, p=0.005) for children aged 0-4 years as well as the counts of moderate injuries by 33% (IRR: 0.67, CI: 0.51-0.87, p=0.003) for children aged 10-14 years. No significant reductions were observed in injury and fatality rates among children aged 0–14 years. The legislation was also more effective in reducing injury and fatality risk among girls and on roads with more than two lanes. These findings highlight that the legislation\u27s effectiveness varies across both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. To sustain and enhance the gains of the CPL, targeted interventions, continuous public education campaigns, and strict policy enforcement are recommended. CRS have been demonstrated to significantly reduce the risk of injuries and fatalities for child occupants. However, several studies conducted before the enactment of the CPL have reported low rates of CRS use in the UAE. Therefore, the third aim of this dissertation was to assess the prevalence of CRS use post CPL in the UAE and to identify the factors associated with CRS use, appropriate use, misuse, and best practice (BP) use among children. The social ecological model (SEM) was used to examine the individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors. Parents and carers of children younger than 13 years completed a self-reported questionnaire (n = 409). Backward logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with CRS use, appropriate use, misuse, and BP use. Results of the study indicate that only 44.3% of parents always restrained their child while travelling in a vehicle, 49% restrained their child appropriately, 21.4% had no CRS misuse while restraining their child, and 9% achieved BP CRS use. Individual level factors were mostly the predictors of CRS use, appropriate use, misuse, and BP use. Parental seatbelt use was associated with CRS use while non-use was associated with CRS misuse. Parental perception that their child is happy to be restrained in a CRS was associated with both CRS use and BP use. Frequent parental removal of their child’s CRS from the vehicle was associated with CRS misuse while infrequent removal was associated with BP use. Parental self-blame if their child was to sustain serious injuries while travelling unrestrained in a vehicle was associated with CRS appropriate use while the lack of self-blame is associated with CRS use. Strict parenting style and recommendation to use CRS were associated with CRS use while parental relationship with the child was associated with appropriate CRS use at the interpersonal level. At the community level, CRS use was associated with ethnicity. Multilevel factors including children aged less than 1 year and using a rear-facing CRS were associated with appropriate CRS use. The findings of this study should be translated into targeted interventions to promote CRS use, appropriate use, and BP use as well as reducing CRS misuse at the different levels of the SEM.Child occupants can be legally restrained by adult seatbelts from the age of 5 years in the UAE. However, the BP recommendation for achieving appropriate seatbelt fit for children is a minimum height of 148 cm, weight of 37 kg, and seated height of 74 cm. The fourth aim of this dissertation was to evaluate whether the current UAE CPL aligns with the physical characteristics of the local child population. Representative anthropometric data was collected from 627 children aged 5-12 years old in the UAE. Key measurements included height, weight, and seated height which are essential for assessing seatbelt fit. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to obtain the frequencies and percentages for these measurements. The values for height, seated height, and weight were calculated for each child occupant age. To compare the anthropometric data of children in the UAE against the BP recommendations for protecting child occupants in vehicles, the proportions of child occupants smaller than 148 cm in height, smaller than 74 cm in seated height, and lighter than 37 kg in weight were calculated for the children. Results of the study shows that 100% of children aged 5–7 years, 99% aged 8–9 years, 87% aged 10 years, 76% aged 11 years, and 59% aged 12 years do not meet the combined requirement of 148 cm in height, 74 cm in seated height, and 37 kg in weight for achieving proper adult seatbelt fit. This finding should serve as justification for enhancements to the CPL in the UAE to ensure that child occupants are using an appropriate restraint for their age, shape, and size and therefore will be appropriately protected by the restraint in the event of a motor vehicle crash. Ultimately, the finding
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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