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SUTAN SYAHRIR: PERAN DAN KEBIJAKAN DALAM KABINET TIGA PERIODE (1945-1947)
Full text linkABSTRAK
Annisa Widiarti. Sutan Sjahrir: Peran dan Kebijakan dalam Kabinet Tiga Periode (1945-1947). Skripsi. Jakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2021.
Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peran dan kebijakan Sutan Syahrir dari masa pergerakan hingga kabinet tiga periode. Menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah dengan langkah-langkah: pemilihan topik, pengumpulan sumber, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Penelitian ini mengkaji dua permasalahan yakni (1) Bagaimana peran politik Sutan Sjahrir tahun 1945 sampai 1947?, (2) Apa kebijakan politik Sutan Sjahrir dalam kabinet tiga periode tahun 1945 sampai 1947?. Masalah ini digambarkan melalui penjabaran latar belakang kehidupan dan pendidikan Sutan Syahrir serta mendeskripsikan pemikiran sosialisme kerakyatan Sutan Syahrir yang mempengaruhi implementasi kebijakan Sutan Syahrir dalam pemerintahan Indonesia.
Hasil penelitian ini menginformasikan bahwa latar belakang keluarga Syahrir sangat berpengaruh terhadap pemikiran politiknya. Dibesarkan oleh keluarga yang terpelajar dan pendidikan barat yang diskriminatif membuat Syahrir tumbuh menjadi pribadi yang kritis. Peran Syahrir dalam politik Indonesia telah dimulai sejak masa pergerakan hingga menjabat sebagai ketua Badan Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat. Syahrir mengubah kedudukan BP-KNIP menjadi badan legislative sebelum terbentuknya dewan perwakilan rakyat. Ia berusaha menerapkan pemerintahan yang berdasarkan kerakyatan (demokratis). Hal ini diwujudkan dengan usaha Syahrir untuk merubah sistem pemerintah Indonesia byang bersifat presidensial menjadi parlementer. Syahrir mendorong terbentuknya partai politik sebagai bentuk kebebasan dalam demokrasi masyarakat Indonesia. Ketika menjabat sebagai perdana menteri dalam kabinet tiga periode Sutan Syahrir menempuh kebijakan melalui perundingan dan diplomasi.
Syahrir menghadapi berbagai tantangan dan tekanan selama ia menjabat sebagai perdana menteri. Sutan Syahrir menjadi tokoh berpengaruh dalam perjuangan Republik Indonesia dalam mempertahankan kemerdekaan melalui jalur diplomasi. Dengan demikian dapat dinyatakan bahwa peran dan kebijakan Sutan Syahrir dari masa pergerakan sampai kabinet tiga periode sangat besar bagi sistem politik pemerintahan Republik Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: Sutan Syahrir, Peran, Kebijakan, Kabinet Syahrir.
ABSTRACT
Annisa Widiarti. Sutan Sjahrir: Role and Policy in the Cabinet of Three Periods (1945-1947). Thesis. Jakarta: Program Studi History Of Education, Faculty Of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2021.
This research is intended to describe the role and policies of Sutan Syahrir of the three-term cabinet. Using historical research methods with steps: topic selection, source collection, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This study examines two problems, namely (1) What was Sutan Sjahrir's political role during the 1945 to 1947 movement?, (2) What was Sutan Sjahrir's political policy in the three cabinet periods from 1945 to 1947?. This problem is illustrated by describing the background of Sutan Syahrir's life and education as well as describing the ideas of Sutan Syahrir's popular socialism that influenced the implementation of Sutan Syahrir's policies in the Indonesian government.
The results of this study inform that Syahrir's family background greatly influences his political thinking. Raised by an educated family and western education that is unequal made Syahrir grow up to be a critical person. Syahrir's role in Indonesian politics began during the movement period until he served as chairman of the Central Indonesian National Committee. Syahrir changed the position of BP-KNIP to become a legislative before the formation of the People's Representative Council. He tried to implement a government that is based on the democracy and is democratic. This was realized by Syahrir's efforts to change the Indonesian government system from a presidential to a parliamentary one. Syahrir encouraged the formation of political parties as a form of freedom in Indonesian democracy. Syahrir's efforts to implement policies as the first prime minister in a three-term cabinet were pursued through negotiations and diplomacy.
Syahrir faced various challenges and pressures during his tenure as prime minister. Sutan Syahrir became an influential figure in the struggle of the Republic of Indonesia in maintaining independence through diplomacy. In this way it may be stated that the role and policy of sutan syahrir from the movement to the three-period cabinet are immense for the political systems of the republic of Indonesia.
Keywords: Sutan Syahrir, Role, Policy, Diplomacy, Cabinet Syahrir
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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