745 research outputs found
Breaking Dichotomies: Counter-Narratives in the Spoken Word Poetry of Suheir Hammad
No full textThis article analyzes the spoken word poetry of the Palestinian-American author, Suheir Hammad, who attempts to deconstruct dichotomies between Arabs and Americans and to create a concept of transnational humanness. Through cultural criticism, Hammad reverses the process of Othering when she humanizes Palestinians and detaches suffering from national belonging. Her creative resistance represents a renegotiation of Americaness and its relation to Islam and Arabs, and opens up de-nationalized spaces of comparison
Where are the mothers? Interrogating maternal mortality as a violation of the rights to life and health : a Nigerian and Ethiopian perspective
No full textA Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Salah Hammad, Faculty of Law, Addis Ababa University, AddisThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009.The author argues that maternal mortality can easily be avoided and that the right to health and life is as much a developmental issue as it is one of human rights. Focuses on the maternal mortality ratio and relevant laws protecting women’s right to life and health in Nigeria and Ethiopia.http://www.chr.up.ac.za/Centre for Human RightsLL
“Challenging the Authority of Religious Interpretation in Saudi Arabia::The Transformation of Suhaila Zain al-Abedin Hammad
No full textTaking as its starting point that a male monopoly is a problem in the recognition of Islamic religious authority, especially in matters related to women, this chapter discusses the possibilities for challenging this monopoly. The author argues that it is necessary to create alternative sources of authority from within the realm of religious scholarship through women scholars laying direct claim to the interpretation of sacred texts. Al Fassi uses the works and experiences of the Saudi scholar, Suhaila Zain al-Abedin Hammad, as a specific example for this approach. Hammad, an accomplished religious scholar, has worked tirelessly through her writing, both in books and her weekly newspaper column, to address difficult issues in Islamic law, to rethink the use of weak hadiths, and to critique Saudi legal rulings. The chapter also considers the intense backlash against her work and her impact on Saudi public opinion. © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Dina El Omari, Juliane Hammer and Mouhanad Khorchide; individual chapters, the contributors
Multimodal Learning Experience for Deliberate Practice
No full textWhile digital education technologies have improved to make educational resources more available, the modes of interaction they implement remain largely unnatural for the learner. Modern sensor-enabled computer systems allow extending human-computer interfaces for multimodal communication. Advances in Artificial Intelligence allow interpreting the data collected from multimodal and multi-sensor devices. These insights can be used to support deliberate practice with personalised feedback and adaptation through Multimodal Learning Experiences (MLX). This chapter elaborates on the approaches, architectures, and methodologies in five different use cases that use multimodal learning analytics applications for deliberate practice.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Web Information System
Triglyceride Glucose Index as an Indicator of Cardiovascular Risk in Syrian Refugees
No full textAmeerah Hasan Ibrahim,1 Alaa Mahmoud Hammad,1 Walid Al-Qerem,1 Hakam Alaqabani,1,2 F Scott Hall,3 Fawaz Alasmari4 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; 2Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK; 3Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; 4Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Alaa Mahmoud Hammad, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman, 11733, Jordan, Tel +962-6-4291511, Fax +962-6-4291432, Email [email protected]: The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index is a quick and inexpensive approach to measure insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the TyG index’s ability to predict cardiovascular risk and determine the TyG index cutoff values in Syrian refugees.Methods: A retrospective research study was conducted with 756 Syrian refugees. Data on demographics and clinical laboratory assessments were obtained from refugee’s files. The formula Ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting plasma glucose (mg (dL)/2] was used to calculate the TyG index. The Framingham risk score was used to calculate ten-year cardiovascular risk. The TyG index cutoff point was determined using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).Results: Included participants had a mean age of 56.76 ± 10.78 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 27.42 ± 4.03 kg/m2. 28.57% of the subjects were smokers, and the majority were female (56.75%). A significant moderate correlation was observed between TyG index and Framingham score (r = 0.428, p < 0.001). ROC curve analysis for TyG index and Framingham score showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.741 (95% CI = 0.691– 0.791; p < 0.001). The cutoff value of the TyG index to recognize intermediate/high risk Framingham risk score was 9.33, with a sensitivity of 64.3%, and specificity of 75.0%.Conclusion: Our findings determine that, given a TyG index cutoff value of 9.33, the TyG index has a predictive ability to assess ten-year cardiovascular risk by comparison to the Framingham risk score in a high-risk group of Syrian refugees and can be used as an independent indicator of cardiovascular risk.Keywords: TyG index, Framingham risk score, ROC, Syrian refugees, cardiovascular ris
Transcriptional control mechanisms of Cd8a gene expression in naïve and effector CD8+ [CD8 hoch +] T cells
No full textIn meiner Dissertation habe ich untersucht, ob die Expression von CD8 in aktivierten CD8+ Effektor-T-Zellen im Vergleich zu naïven CD8+ T-Zellen unterschiedlich reguliert wird. Das ist eine wichtige Fragestellung, da die Expression von CD8 mit der Entwicklung von zytotoxischen T-Zellen korreliert und daher Faktoren, die die CD8 Expression regulieren, auch an der Entstehung von zytotoxischen Effektorzellen beteiligt sein könnten. Im Rahmen meiner Studien konnte ich einen bisher nicht beschriebenen Mechanismus identifizieren, der für die Aufrechterhaltung der CD8[alpha] Expression in CD8+ Effektor-T-Zellen entscheidend ist. Für diesen regulatorischen Steuerungsmechanismus waren sowohl der Cd8 Enhancer E8I als auch Mitglieder der Runx-Transkriptionsfaktor-Familie notwendig, da sowohl E8I-defiziente als auch Runx-defiziente CD8+ T-Zellen nach Aktivierung im Vergleich zu Wildtyp Zellen geringere Cd8a Genexpression zeigten.
Dieser Prozess ist zum Teil auf epigenetischer Ebene reguliert, da der Verlust der Cd8a Genexpression in E8I- defizienten Zellen mit einer Erhöhung von repressiven Histonmodifikationen am Cd8a Promoter einherging, und der Verlust der Cd8a Expression durch Histondeazetylierungsinhibitoren blockiert werden konnte.
Zusätzlich konnten wir zeigen, dass die verschiedenen Runx Faktoren mit den Cd8a und Cd8b Gen-loci assoziiert sind, was auf eine direkte Kontrolle der Cd8 loci durch die Runx Familie hinweist.
Schlussendlich haben unsere Studien auch gezeigt, dass die Cd8a Genexpression aufrechterhalten bleibt, wenn der Runx Bindungspartner CBF[beta] nach Aktivierung konditionell deletiert wurde. Unsere Daten zeigen daher, dass während der Aktivierung von CD8+ T-Zellen eine E8I-abhängige epigenetische Modifizierung am Cd8a locus stattfindet, und dass Runx Transkriptionsfaktoren notwendig sind, die CD8[alpha] Expression während der CD8+ Effektordifferenzierung zu steuern. Diese regulatorischen Prozesse führen dann zu einer Runx-unabhängigen Aufrechterhaltung der CD8 Expression in CD8+ Effektor-T-Zellen.Multiple studies have revealed that CD4 and CD8 expression is tightly linked with the phenotype of the mature T cells and it has been shown that common factors regulate CD4/CD8 lineage choice and coreceptor expression. Thus, a better characterization of coreceptor gene expression will enhance our understanding of CD4/CD8 lineage choice and also T cell function.
On conventional T cells, CD8 usually consist of CD8[alpha] and CD8[beta]heterodimers (encoded by the closely linked Cd8a and Cd8b1 genes, respectively), and the expression of the Cd8 genes during T cell development is regulated by the activity of at least five different Cd8 enhancers (E8I-E8V). The aim of my PhD thesis was to investigate whether the expression of CD8 in activated CD8+ T cells is differentially regulated compared to naïve CD8+ T cells. In my PhD thesis I could identify a novel transcriptional program regulating CD8 expression during CD8+ effector T cell differentiation in a manner that is distinct from naïve T cells. The Cd8 enhancer E8I and Runx complexes were required for the establishment of this regulatory circuit, since E8I- or Runx complexes-deficient CD8+ T cells down- regulated CD8[alpha] expression during activation. This correlated with enhanced repressive histone marks at the Cd8a promoter in the absence of E8I, and the down- regulation of CD8[alpha] expression could be blocked by treating E8I-deficient CD8+ T cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Moreover, Runx complexes bound the Cd8ab gene cluster in activated CD8+ T cells, suggesting direct control of the Cd8a locus.
However, CD8+ effector T cells maintained high levels of CD8[alpha] when CBF[beta] was conditionally deleted after activation. Thus, our data suggest that the induction of this effector T cell-specific regulatory program for Cd8a gene expression requires E8I-dependent epigenetic programming of the Cd8a locus and Runx complexes function during T cell activation, leading to Runx complexes- independent maintenance of CD8[alpha] expression in effector T cells.submitted by Hammad HassanAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersZsfassung in dt. SpracheWien, Med. Univ., Diss., 2011OeBB(VLID)171618
Examination and Exploration of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Two Immigrant-owned Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Greater Vancouver, Canada
No full textAlthough CSR has attracted attention from large enterprises, there have not been a lot of research studies focusing on the CSR efforts by small and medium enterprises, let alone those owned by immigrants. In this action research, the author examines and explores CSR efforts by two immigrant-owned small and medium enterprises in Greater Vancouver, Canada.
This action research aims to study: (1) SME’s perspectives on CSR, (2) the factors influencing SME’s CSR perspectives, and (3) how SMEs implement CSR. The study reveals that owners and employees of SME’s are aware of CSR, but have varied perspectives due to ambiguous CSR definitions and different backgrounds and experiences. Some unique factors identified which influence SME’s CSR perceptions include a high similarity among SME owners and employees, and the SME owners’ family education in early childhood, life experiences, and personal beliefs.
The author follows closely what Coghlan and Brannick (2010) has defined regarding the requirements of action research as guideline for evaluating details of this Action Research. Also, to analyze a huge volume of data collected from dialogues among participants, in this thesis, the thematic analysis had been applied as the method for interpreting data. Using thematic analysis to categorize seemingly unrelated data into different themes the researcher was able to utilize all qualitative data collected from action research and to gain knowledge under each theme (Braun & Clarke, 2006).
The two SMEs are in two different industries, tutoring and renovation, which affected the SMEs’ CSR implementation approaches. They served their customers in different ways, namely, educating grade-school students to achieve better academic performance for Company A and helping property owners to renovate and improve
their living places for Company B. On the other hand, there were common aspects of their CSR implementations, such as customers, environment, and society. Although seeking higher profits seems to be a good rationale for inducing firms to execute CSR for better customer satisfaction and loyalty, the author found that the SMEs participating in this core action research did not consider profit as a main concern when they made business decisions.
The two SMEs have been running since the late 90’s without formal CSR rules. During the action research projects, suitable CSR rules for each firm were created by the author and the participants from the companies collaboratively. In addition, results generated from this core action research are actionable knowledge which can be applied by other SME owners and researchers. Furthermore, the author argues that profits should not be the only objective for businesses since aspects such as corporate reputation and brand equity are also critically important. Firms need to balance all goals from a long-term perspective instead of focusing on short-run profits alone. Therefore, a profit optimization approach, considering all relevant goals, is more appropriate than simply pursuing profit maximization
Examining the factors that influence physicians' perceptions toward electronic medical record (EMR) acceptance
No full textResearch suggests that health information technology (HIT), such as the electronic medical record (EMR) has the potential to help improve safety, quality, and the cost efficiency of healthcare services. However, many healthcare organizations have yet to realize these benefits as EMR adoption throughout the healthcare industry has been very slow. The success of EMR implementation is largely dependent upon the cooperation and acceptance of its users. Therefore, understanding the factors that help form the perceptions and attitudes that lead to users' behavioral intention toward and their subsequent utilization of EMR is vital. For the purpose of this dissertation, the user group of focus was physicians since they are regarded as the key or principal users of EMR and are unlike the common user groups of IT typically found in other industries. Physicians are different not only due to their specialized training, autonomous practices, and professional work arrangements, but also due to the large impact physicians have on patient outcomes. Using evidence-based research, the factors that influenced physicians' perceptions toward electronic medical record (EMR) acceptance and sustained utilization in the U.S. healthcare industry were examined in this dissertation. Through the theoretical lenses of the self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) this dissertation provided further insight into the development of physicians' perceptions beyond extrinsic motivation factors and provided implications for management that can assist healthcare leadership in the appropriate integration and achievement of the benefits associated with EMR utilization.Running head: FACTORS INFLUENCING PHYSICIANS’ PERCEPTIONS
Examining the factors that influence physicians’ perceptions
toward electronic medical record (EMR) acceptance
Jasmin Hammad
A Thesis
Submitted to the
Graduate Faculty
of University of Maryland University College
in Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Degree
of Doctor of Management
James P. Gelatt, Ph.D.
Kathleen F. Edwards, Ph.D.
2015
ii
Abstract
Research suggests that health information technology (HIT), such as the electronic medical record (EMR) has the potential to help improve safety, quality, and the cost efficiency of healthcare services. However, many healthcare organizations have yet to realize these benefits as EMR adoption throughout the healthcare industry has been very slow. The success of EMR implementation is largely dependent upon the cooperation and acceptance of its users. Therefore, understanding the factors that help form the perceptions and attitudes that lead to users’ behavioral intention toward and their subsequent utilization of EMR is vital. For the purpose of this dissertation, the user group of focus was physicians since they are regarded as the key or principal users of EMR and are unlike the common user groups of IT typically found in other industries. Physicians are different not only due to their specialized training, autonomous practices, and professional work arrangements, but also due to the large impact physicians have on patient outcomes. Using evidence-based research, the factors that influenced physicians’ perceptions toward electronic medical record (EMR) acceptance and sustained utilization in the U.S. healthcare industry were examined in this dissertation. Through the theoretical lenses of the self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) this dissertation provided further insight into the development of physicians’ perceptions beyond extrinsic motivation factors and provided implications for management that can assist healthcare leadership in the appropriate integration and achievement of the benefits associated with EMR utilization.
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Dedication
I dedicate this dissertation to my wonderful family. To my husband, Jamin, thank you for support, patience, and understanding throughout this entire journey. Your love has truly been limitless. To my siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins and niece, you’ve carried me through at times when I could not see the finish line. Your belief in me sustained me throughout this program and I am forever grateful – not to mention you always ensured wherever I was I had internet access.
To my parents, Gregory and Dr. Linda Whitfield-Spinner, thank you for providing a foundation from which I could go out into this world with the knowledge that I can be successful and accomplish all of my goals through hard work and dedication. Mommy, the example you set for me and the barriers you torn down to clear the path for my successes is just a snippet of all that you have given me. You’ve truly been my inspiration, my angel, and my hero. I hope I have made you proud.
To my extended family, the Rosborough family, your encouragement and acceptance have filled me with the greatest joy and I appreciate it more than words can truly express. To my mother-in-law, Sharon Rosborough, thank you for being my biggest cheerleader.
Finally, to my sixth grade teacher, Mrs. Gilda Gildenberg, thank you for seeing something in me and nourishing it even though I was too young to fully understand. You were truly my advocate and your genuine belief in me helped me to believe in myself and gave me the courage to pursue opportunities I thought were not in reach before you came into my life. Mrs.Gildenberg..…. THANK YOU!
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Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge several individuals that helped me across the finish line to earn my terminal degree. During my DM journey I have lived on three different continents, experienced significant loss, underwent surgery, and endured major career changes. The constants throughout it all were the love of my family and friends and the support of the DM faculty.
I honestly believe that completion of my dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and support of Dr. Kathleen Edwards and Dr. James Gelatt. The feedback you have provided, whether it was delivered through your comments of my writing, honest conversations over the phone, or face to face discussions was all greatly appreciated and I believe helped my work improve tremendously. Having the two of you as advisors and observing your work dynamic has helped me to view things more deeply and critically. Thank you both for helping me to grow as an individual.
I would also like to thank the individuals that were part of my expert panel: Dr. Ruth Axelrod, Mr. Andrew Apter, and Dr. Teresa Skojac. I appreciate your time and assistance by reviewing earlier versions of my dissertation and providing your valuable feedback.
The next individual I would like to acknowledge is Dr. Laura Witz. The knowledge I acquired in your class was truly invaluable and I believe has changed my way of thinking for the better. Outside the classroom, when I was at my lowest point in this program, you imparted words to me that in that moment I felt put everything back into perspective and gave me the strength to carry on. For this…thank you, Dr. Witz! v
Lastly, I would like to acknowledge my family, friends, fellow DM students, and the rest of the DM faculty. You have all supported me and helped me to accomplish this goal. I look forward to deepening our relationships as I will no longer have to work on my dissertation.
Once again...thank you, thank you, and thank you!
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Table of Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... ii
Dedication .................................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iv
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter One ................................................................................................................................. 3
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Background .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Definitions................................................................................................................................................ 4
Benefits of Utilization ............................................................................................................................... 6
Purpose of the Dissertation ....................................................................................................................... 8
Statement and Significance of the Problem .............................................................................................. 9
Why Physicians Are Important to EMR Acceptance .............................................................................. 10
Importance to Management .................................................................................................................... 11
Government Involvement and HIT ......................................................................................................... 14
Research Question and Assumptions ...................................................................................................... 16
Organization of the Dissertation ............................................................................................................. 19
Chapter Two ............................................................................................................................... 20
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Discussion of Theoretical Lenses ........................................................................................................... 66
Summary of Chapter Two and Research Proposition ............................................................................. 71
Chapter Three ............................................................................................................................. 73
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 73
Graphical Analysis, Synthesis, and Integration of Scholarship into the Framework .............................. 73
Summary of Chapter Three ..................................................................................................................... 77
Chapter Four ............................................................................................................................... 78
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 78
Evidence-Based Research ....................................................................................................................... 78 2
Expert Panel ........................................................................................................................................... 82
Summary of Chapter Four ...................................................................................................................... 83
Chapter Five ............................................................................................................................... 83
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 83
Findings ................................................................................................................................................. 84
Discussion of the Proposition ................................................................................................................. 89
Answering the Dissertation Research Question ...................................................................................... 91
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 92
Alternative Perspectives .......................................................................................................................... 92
Summary of Chapter Five ....................................................................................................................... 94
Chapter Six ................................................................................................................................. 95
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 95
Overall Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 95
Implications for Management ................................................................................................................. 96
Trends .................................................................................................................................................... 99
Limitations ........................................................................................................................................... 103
Future Research ................................................................................................................................... 104
Dissertation Summary ........................................................................................................................... 105
References ................................................................................................................................. 107
APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................ 119
APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................ 128
Figures and Tables .................................................................................................................... 131
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Chapter One
Introduction
This dissertation examined the factors that influenced physicians’ perceptions toward electronic medical record (EMR) acceptance and sustained utilization in the U.S. healthcare industry. Based on existent literature, health information technology (HIT) such as the electronic medical record (EMR) has the potential to help improve safety, quality and cost efficiency of healthcare services (Frimpong, Jackson, Stewart, Singh, Rivers, & Bae, 2013; Restuccia, Cohen, Horwitt, & Shwartz, 2012). However, many healthcare organizations have yet to realize the associated benefits of EMR since its adoption throughout the healthcare industry has been generally slow (Love et al., 2012; Wright et al., 2013). The success of HIT system implementation is largely dependent upon the cooperation and acceptance by its users. Individual cognitive capacities, attitudes, perceptions, and behavior patterns can either inhibit or encourage HIT adoption (Williams & Dickinson, 2010). Therefore, understanding the factors that help form the perceptions and attitudes that lead to users’ behavioral intention toward and their subsequent utilization of EMR is vital. For the purpose of this dissertation the end users of focus were physicians, as their perceptions can weigh heavily on the overall adoption and utilization of HIT systems within a healthcare organization, as well as have a significant impact on other user groups such as nurses, technicians, and administrative staff (Boonstra & Broekhuis, 2010). Using the theoretical lenses of the self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this dissertation sought to offer further insight into the development of physicians’ perceptions beyond extrinsic motivation factors and provide implications for management that can assist healthcare leadership in the appropriate integration and achievement of the benefits associated with EMR utilization. 4
Background
Many industries have vigorously pursued the use of information technology (IT) to improve the quality of products, optimize operational efficiencies and customer service delivery, as well as reduce costs (Healthcare RAND, 2013; DePhillips, 2007). Considering the challenges facing organizations today and the rapidly changing environment, the way in which people and organizations respond to the organizational environment can have a dramatic impact on an organization’s success or demise. Currently, the world of healthcare management is being dominated by the need to improve performance and modernize services during a time of fiscal restraint in which healthcare leaders are expected to do more with less and think creatively about how this can be achieved. These organizations -- while facing changes, uncertainty, and competitive pressures -- also have to retain their ability to react appropriately to external pressures and differentiate themselves from and outperform their competitors (Ilinca, Hamer, Botje, Espin, Mendes, Mueller, van Wjingaarden, Vinot, and Plochg, 2012). Through innovation, organizations can renew themselves in order to survive in the long run, especially in complex industries such as healthcare. Hence, the trend of ubiquitous innovation exhibited within the healthcare industry today.
Definitions
Health Information Technology (HIT). As defined by Thompson and Brailer (2004), health information technology (HIT) is “the application of information processing involving both computer hardware and software that deals with the storage, retrieval, sharing, and use of healthcare information, data, and knowledge for communication and decision making” (p. 38). The American Medical Association (AMA) (2012) stated that HIT refers to the use of a variety of electronic means for managing information about the healthcare of individuals (p.3). Health 5
information technologies (HIT) range in type and capability. HIT can include medical (or health) records (EMR or EHR), computerized physician order entry (CPOE), clinical decision-support systems (CDSS or CDS), health information exchange (HIE), automated dispensing machines (ADM), e-prescribing and telemedicine (remote diagnosis and treatment of patients).
Electronic Medical Record (EMR). Electronic medical records are composed of technology applications such as a clinical data repository, clinical decision support, medical vocabulary, order entry, computerized provider order entry (CPOE), pharmacy, and clinical documentation (Garets & Davis, 2006). The EMR is used to document, monitor, and manage healthcare delivery within one healthcare delivery organization. It is important to note that there is a distinction between electronic medical records and electronic health records. The electronic health record (EHR) has similar capabilities to the EMR which include data that can include patient demographics, medical history, medication, allergies, and test results. However, the EHR is also a collection of health information about individual patients and populations that can be shared across different healthcare settings outside of the organization that originally created the record (Garets & Davis, 2006).
Since the terms electronic medical record and electronic health record are frequently used synonymously in health informatics literature they also were used interchangeably in this dissertation. The official definition that has been adopted for the purpose of this dissertation was generated by Hayrinen, Saranto, and Nykanen (2008) who identified the need for a more explicit or stable definition of electronic medical records since they believed that several different definitions presented confusion. To address this issue the researchers conducted a systematic review of 89 papers obtained from four different electronic databases: Pubmed/Medline, 6
CINAHL, Eval and Cochrane, that were published in 52 different journals from 1982 to 2004 (Hayrinen, Saranto, & Nykanen, 2008). Based on the literature the researchers produced the following definition for an electronic medical record:
An electronic medical record is “a repository of patient data in digital form, stored and exchanged securely, and accessible by multiple authorized users. It contains retrospective, concurrent, and prospective information and its primary purpose is to support continuing, efficient and quality integrated health care” (p. 294).
Multiple functions of EMR, which included data from physical examination, laboratory, past medical history, tests, medication administration, radiology, treatment, daily charting, referral, diagnoses, etc., were found in the literature reviewed to play a role in the decision making process not only for patient care but for management and health policy as well (Hayrinen, Saranto, & Nykanen , 2008). Miller and Sim (2004) expressed that EMR has the highest potential for improving quality among HIT as it has the widest range of capabilities (more details of their study will be discussed later in Chapter Two).
Benefits of Utilization
Benefits associated with HIT. Much of the literature centered on HIT shared similar views of the positive benefits that the integration of HIT renders. HIT is being promoted within the healthcare industry as a vital tool used to not on
The Effect Of COVID-19 On Male And Female Labor Supply.
No full textThis paper carries out an empirical analysis to answer how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the labor force in Norway. More specifically how it impacted the female labor force in actual hours worked. This research has been done in many countries and the results tend to have a negative impact on women labor force. I am choosing Norway as my research country because Norway is ranked number three in the worked in gender equality and ranked as the best country to live in for women (Forum, 2021). As a result, the impacts of COVID-19 on the labor supply of women may be smaller than what has been found in other countries with a higher degree of gender inequality.
First, I display a review of earlier research done in this field and discuss how economic theory is used to explain the difference between genders in the labor force. Second, I look into how Norway handled the pandemic. This paper studies the following research question: did COVID-19 have differential impact of labor supply of male employees than female employees?
By using data from the Norwegian Labor Force Survey (AKU), I employ a difference- in-difference design and study the change in hours worked between male and female employees before and after the introduction of the pandemic. I find that the actual working hours for men decreased more than those of women after 2019. Overall, ac- tually working hours decreased after the pandemic. However, men do still work more actual hours than women.There is a disparity in hours worked between men and women, COVID-19 did have a differential impact on labour supply for men and women. Other factors like education and what type of industry you worked in had some say when it came to actual hours worked
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