1,721,005 research outputs found
Il regime della food security nel commercio agricolo internazionale. Dall'Havana Charter al processo di riforma dell'Accordo agricolo WTO
No full textIl commercio e, quindi, le regole che lo disciplinano a livello internazionale sono intimamente connesse all’attuale world food system e ne formano parte integrante, soprattutto se si guarda al sistema multilaterale del commercio internazionale. Tra gli accordi WTO, quello agricolo contiene una serie di norme espressamente dedicate a disciplinare gli spazi di intersezione tra sicurezza alimentare e commercio che riguardano tutti i pilastri dei quali la food security si compone. Il presente studio è rivolto, dunque, ad individuare quale sia il regime della sicurezza alimentare che può farsi discendere dalla disciplina dell’Accordo agricolo e quale sia la nozione di food security che emerge dal trattato WTO sull’agricoltura e quale attenzione sia riservata al diritto al cibo in tale contesto. La prospettiva dalla quale si conduce il lavoro ci consente di valutare se il tema della food security, a sua volta, abbia influenzato in passato e stia influenzando attualmente il «farsi delle regole» del commercio agricolo internazionale. Uno dei principali scopi dello studio è poi certamente quello di definire quale sia la portata giuridica di tali regole, quali problemi interpretativi e applicativi esse abbiano posto e, in una fase cruciale di modifica dell’Accordo agricolo nell’ambito del Doha round, quale forma stiano assumendo i cambiamenti nei loro contenuti.
La monografia si compone di quattro capitoli. Il primo capitolo, al fine di creare una griglia concettuale da utilizzare nel prosieguo del volume, fornisce una introduzione alla nozione di food security e delle sue varie componenti, alla evoluzione che ha caratterizzato il concetto e alla interazione tra food security e diritto umano al cibo, con un focus sulla natura, le affinità e le divergenze tra le due nozioni. Per comprendere quale ruolo abbiano avuto i concetti in esame nel forgiare le regole del commercio agricolo internazionale, nel secondo capitolo, si procede all’analisi dei lavori preparatori, e quindi degli atti negoziali, che hanno dato vita alla WTO, come oggi la conosciamo, e all’Accordo agricolo. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato alla disciplina della sicurezza alimentare nell’Accordo agricolo alla luce, come si è detto, del «concept of food security» che emerge nella prima parte. L’ultimo capitolo è dedicato agli aiuti alimentari internazionali. Si riflette sullo scollamento che caratterizza l’international food aid rispetto all’obiettivo di garantire la food security e il diritto al cibo, così come sulle intersezioni tra il tema degli aiuti alimentari e le regole del commercio agricolo internazionale. Nelle osservazioni conclusive, infine, si riflette su quale sia il volto della food security che affiora dal contesto commerciale e su quale significato possa essere attribuito al cambiamento di prospettiva che ha riguardato il diritto al cibo nell’ultimo round negoziale. Ci si domanda, quindi, se l’accresciuta enfasi per il right to food abbia portato o stia portando ad un trattamento differente delle questioni connesse all’accesso al cibo nell’ambito del trade regime e se questo possa influire sul ruolo della WTO nella governance della sicurezza alimentare mondiale
Agri-food industries and the challenge of reducing food wastage: An analysis of legal opportunities
No full textFood wastage poses environmental and economic as well as social and ethical questions. The significance of these questions places the food wastage issue to the attention of the institutions, civil society and academia. International and EU documents widely discuss the role of some legal disciplines in the generation of wastage, both as a direct cause and as a mean for its reduction. So far, the majority of public and private interventions in Europe focused on the distribution and consumption segment of the food supply chain, while a lack of reduction measures is registered in the previous segments. Nevertheless, the European Commission estimates that the food waste attributable to industrial processing is around 39%. The paper is aimed at analysing the EU legal framework which influences the generation of wastage during the food processing chain. It addresses the emerging legal opportunities in reducing food wastage, recognising two main areas: labelling strategies and by-products valorisation. After a synthetic exposition of the data related to food wastage (Section 1), the paper shows how in the European legislation food safety requirements and food waste reduction strategies interrelate (Section 2). The paper moves on to assess the EU legal framework on waste, in particular the definition and the potential valorisation of food by-products, (Section 3) the food labelling regulation and the contractual practices (Section 4), underlying the opportunities for food wastage reduction. In conclusion, the paper highlights the emerging legal opportunities and the related shortcomings of the potential strategies for reducing the wastage generation during the food processing chain
Gli aspetti giuridici della vendita diretta dei prodotti agricoli: il quadro normativo nazionale
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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