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Steinernema abbasi sp. n. (Nematoda : Steinernematidae) from the Sultanate of Oman
No full textDescription est donnée de #Steinernema abbasi n. sp., extrait du sol de champs de luzerne dans le Sultanat d'Oman. #S. abbasi sp. n. provient d'environnements subtropicaux semi-arides où les noctuelles #Helicoverpa armigera et #Spodoptera littoralis sont des parasites majeurs. #S. abbasi pourrait être utilisé comme agent de contrôle biologique dans des environnements très chauds, particulièrement au Moyen-Orient. L'observation morphologique, l'analyse de l'ADN et des croisements interspécifiques ont montré que #S. abbasi sp. n. est une espèce distincte de #S. carpocapsae, #S. scapterisci et #S. riobrave$. (Résumé d'auteur
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema abbasi PN-1 against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner
No full textThe experiment was conducted during May 2022 at College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, U. S. Nagar, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The Steinernema abbasi PN-1 is a local isolate of entomopathogenic nematode isolated from the soil collected from Uttarakhand, India. Under the present study, virulenceof Steinernema abbasi PN-1 against different stages of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner were tested. Virulence studies of S. abbasi PN-1 against H. armigera proved that all larval stages and pupae of H. armigera were found susceptible to the IJs of S. abbasi PN-1. There was a positive correlation between insect mortality and the nematode concentration. The S. abbasi PN-1 caused 100% larval mortality at 48–60 h of post treatment in all tested doses in laboratory. Among the larval instars, 4th instar larvae of H. armigera were more susceptible with a median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 24.37 IJs larva-1 and the median lethal time (LT50) values of 25.63 hours. The 2nd instar larvae was least susceptible with an LC50 value of 78.96 IJs larva-1 and LT50 values of 41.33 hours. The pupal stage was less susceptible than the larval stage with the LC50 value of 98.3 IJs larva-1. Our results showed that S. abbasi PN-1 can be used as efficient biological control agents against H. armigera with further field studies
Storage of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema abbasi, in the laboratory.
No full text本文以懸浮與海綿保存兩種方式進行本土產蟲生線蟲Steinernema abbasi保存條件之測試，並以大蠟蛾（Galleria mellonella）進行生物檢定，測定此兩種方式對線蟲感染能力之效應。將S. abbasi以103 IJs/ml 的濃度以懸浮保存的方式保存於5、10、15、20、25、30、35℃溫度下，結果以15和20℃為佳，保存12週後，線蟲的存活率仍可維持90%，且線蟲可引起大蠟蛾100%死亡率。以不同線蟲濃度102-105 IJs/ml懸浮保存於15℃時，最適當的線蟲濃度為102及103 IJs/ml，保存12週後，線蟲的存活率仍無明顯的變化；當懸浮液之濃度提高至104 IJs/ml時，保存6週後仍與102及103 IJs/ml的保存結果無顯著差異，但至第8週後，線蟲的存活率開始下降。若將線蟲濃度提高至105 IJs/ml時，約存放一週後，存活率就急遽下降，保存效果最差；懸浮保存時應注意液面之高度不宜超過容器底面1.0 cm（容器之直徑為1.5 cm，高11.7 cm），當懸浮保存之液面越高，則存活時間越短。
就海綿保存而言，將S. abbasi以103 IJs/ml 的濃度吸附於海綿，亦保存在5、10、15、20、25、30、35℃中，結果以15℃之保存效果最佳，20、25℃次之。S. abbasi在15℃存放16週、20℃存放14週後，存活率仍有90%，且對大蠟蛾的感染仍維持100%死亡率；經以102-105 IJs/ml的濃度將S. abbasi吸附於海綿中，置於15℃下，保存16週後，結果發現以此方式保存時，線蟲之濃度並不影響其存活率及感染能力。同時發現海綿內未額外添加無菌水的試驗組，在10℃中保存10週後仍有21%的線蟲存活，而額外添加無菌水的試驗組保存S. abbasi 在8週後，線蟲即全部死亡。
S. abbasi於0.1%福馬林中懸浮保存，經12週後僅存28%存活率，明顯低於對照組之結果，故不宜將S. abbasi直接保存於0.1%福馬林中。若保存時添加0.1% Triton X-100對線蟲之存活率與感染力並無顯著差異，所以保存及使用時均可添加0.1% Triton X-100，以避免線蟲附著在器皿壁上致死。
將懸浮及海綿兩種保存方式相互比較後，建議低濃度、短期的保存可採懸浮保存方式，因其在試驗操作上較為方便；但是需要保存大量線蟲時，則建議以高濃度線蟲保存於海綿中為宜。Two methods, i.e., suspension in liquid and immersion in sponge, were conducted for storing the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema abbasi, in the laboratory. The larva of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, was assayed for infectivity of S. abbasi after storage. The optimal temperatures were 15-20℃ after storing S. abbasi in suspension at 103 IJs/ml through 5-35℃. After 12 weeks of storage, S. abbasi maintained 90% survival rate and 100% larval mortality of G. mellonella. When stored S. abbasi at 15℃ in suspension, the best nematode concentration was 102 and 103 IJs/ml. Its survival rate remained unchanged after 12 weeks. The survival rate was not different with 102 and 103 IJs/ml if stored at 104 IJs/ml for 6 weeks while the survival rate declined after storing for 8 weeks. The survival rate was low by storing at 105 IJs/ml for one week. The water level of suspension should not keep in excess of 1.0 cm high (1.5 cm diam., 11.7 cm high). S. abbasi could not survive in liquid higher than this level.
In another series of experiment, S. abbasi was stored in sponge at 103 IJs/ml through 5-35℃. The optimal temperatures was best at 15℃, followed by 20-25℃. The survival rate of S. abbasi was more than 90% when stored at 15℃ for 16 weeks, and 20℃for 14 weeks. Its infectivity remained 100% larval mortality of the wax moth. When S. abbasi stored in sponge at 102-105 IJs/ml at 15℃ for 16 weeks, the nematode concentration did not affect survival rate and infectivity. The results showed that if not added extra water into the sponge, 21% S. abbasi could survive for 10 weeks at 10℃, whereas the other group with adding extra water was all died 8 weeks after storing at 10℃.
When S. abbasi stored in 0.1% formalin solution for 12 weeks, only 28% IJs was able to survive and lower than the control; therefore, S. abbasi was not suitable to store in 0.1% formalin solution. When S. abbasi storage in 0.1% Triton X-100 solution, the survival rate and infectivity of S. abbasi were the same as the control. This agent is thus applicable to avoid the sticking of IJs on the box wall.
Comparison of these two storage methods, the data have suggested that in case of storing S. abbasi at low concentration or short period, it is preferable to store in suspension because it is more convenient to use. However, it is suitable to store in sponge while attempting to store bulk of nematodes in the laboratory.中文摘要………………………………………………...……..1
英文摘要……………………………………………...………..3
前言…………………………………………………………….5
文獻摘述……………………………………….……...……….7
材料與方法……………………………...……………………18
結果………………………………….………….…………….24
討論……………………………………………………….….29
參考文獻…………………………………………………..…33
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The bacterium associated with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema abbasi (Nematoda : Steinernematidae) isolated from Taiwan
No full textA symbiotic bacterium of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema abbasi, isolated from Taiwan, determined to be a species of Xenorhabdus based on its physiological and biochemical characteristics has been determined to be similar to Xenorhabdus indica of S. abbasi Oman isolate as based on sequence analyses of 16S rDNA. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Infection and pathogenicity of two entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema abbasi and S. carpocapsae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) to Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
No full text本研究利用溫帶品系之蟲生線蟲Steinernema carpocapsae All品系及台灣本島所採集之Steinernema abbasi進行試驗，比較兩者對斜紋夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)第五齡幼蟲之致病力差異。發現以1、5及10隻侵染期幼蟲(infective juveniles, IJs)不同隻數處理下，均可造成寄主死亡，其中又以S. carpocapsae有較高的致病力表現。在25℃下，半致死濃度試驗中，S. carpocapsae之LD50僅需2.94 IJs，而S. abbasi則需4.28 IJs。兩者對於寄主搜尋能力方面則不具有差異。線蟲侵染寄主能力比較，發現S. carpocapsae比S. abbasi具有較強之侵染寄主能力，於不同溫度處理下，S. carpocapsae於高溫處理30℃下之侵染能力較低溫處理20℃下差，而S. abbasi則是於高溫下有較好的侵染能力。當以不同溫度 (15、20、25、30及35℃)下進行一對一生物試驗(one-on-one bioassay)，結果顯示兩線蟲種類之致病力表現受溫度處理之影響，其中S. carpocapsae於較低溫度處理時有較好之致病力表現，而S. abbasi則於較高溫度處理時較好。於不同溫度培養兩種線蟲攜帶之共生菌後，兩者僅於活菌數形成單位之對數生長期有些許差異，注射不同濃度之共生菌液於寄主昆蟲體內，發現S. abbasi共生菌之致病力較S. carpocapsae高。此外，進一步利用兩共生菌之DNA，以聚合酶鏈鎖反應(PCR)增幅放大其16S rDNA片段，並經定序後與基因庫(GeneBank)中他種細菌序列以UPGMA分析其相似類群關係中也顯示，S. abbasi之共生菌應屬於Xenorhabdus sp.而非先前學者所認知之Pseudomonas oryzihabitans，再經六種限制酵素進行限制片段長度多型態(RFLP)截切後，推斷S. abbasi及S. carpocapsae之共生細菌應為不同種類。Comparison of pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae All strain and S. abbasi to Spodoptera litura 5th larvae was conducted in this study. When applied different numbers from 1, 5 and 10 infective juveniles (IJs), both could kill hosts, but the virulence of S. carpocapsae is higher than that of S. abbasi. The LD50 values of S. carpocapsae and S. abbasi to S. litura larva were 2.94 IJs/ larva and 4.28 IJs/ larva, respectively. The host searching ability was not significantly different between two species, however, at different temperatures, the invading ability of S. carpocapsae is higher than that of S. abbasi, but the invading ability of S. carpocapsae to S. litura larva is better at 20℃, than at 30℃, while the invading ability of S. abbasi was contrary. The one-on-one bioassay of two entomopathogenic nematodes at different temperatures showed that the pathogenicity of both species was influenced by temperatures, the pathogenicity of S. carpocapsae was better at lower temperature, whereas that of S. abbasi was better at higher temperatures. The symbiont growth rates of two entomopathogenic nematodes were similar at OD550nm absorbance but less different in log phase of colony forming units (CFUs) measurement when incubated in nutrient broth, but the larvicidal activity of S. abbasi symbiont is higher than that of S. carpocapsae symbiont to S. litura. After amplifying the symbiont partial 16S rDNA sequence of two entomopathogenic nematodes, we compared the similarity grouping dendrogram applied with UPGMA method and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern digested with 6 restriction enzymes. It was suggested that the symbiotic bacterium of S. abbasi belongs to the genus Xenorhabdus but not conspecific to X. nematophilus.中文摘要∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙1
英文摘要∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙2
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文獻摘述∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙6
材料與方法∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙20
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AP-S Young Professional Ambassador Program [Young Professionals]
No full textIn this issue of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine , Dr. Qammer H. Abbasi, chair of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) Young Professional (YP) Ambassador Program Subcommittee writes about the AP-S YP Ambassador Program and highlights the newly selected AP-S YP ambassadors for 2022. Congratulations to all YP ambassadors—class of 2022! As the first batch of AP-S YP ambassadors, I am confident they will set a high standard for those in the future
Benthophilus persicus Kovačić & Esmaeili & Zarei & Abbasi & Schliewen 2021, sp. nov.
No full textBenthophilus persicus sp. nov. (Figs 2–10, Table 1) Holotype. ZSM 47595, male, 45.2+ 9.9 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°29’ N 49°29’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 01 Apr. 2004 (Fig. 4a). Paratypes. ZSM 47596, female, 45.8+ 9.7 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°31’ N 49°30’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 18 Nov. 2002. ZSM 47597, juvenile male, 30.4+ 7.6 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°36’ N 49°29’ E, K. Abbasi & M. Tavakoli, 06 Jan. 2004. ZSM 47599, female, 30.8+7.0 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°36’ N 49°29’ E, K. Abbasi & M. Tavakoli, 05 Jan. 2004 (Fig. 4c). ZSM 47598, juvenile female, 27.5+ 6.4 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°36’ N 49°29’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 01 Nov. 2002. ZM-CBSU 5003-128, female, 30.9+ 8.2 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°36’ N 49°29’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 09 Jan. 2004. ZM-CBSU 5001-1, female, 35.1+8.1, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°29’ N 49°29’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, Nov. 2002. ZM-CBSU 5003-60, juvenile female, 25.4+ 6.1 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°31’ N 49°30’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, Nov. 2002. ZM-CBSU 5022-23, female, 26.0+5.9, Iran, Gilan Province, Chaboksar, southern Caspian Sea, 37°01’ N 50°34’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 18 Nov. 2015. ZM-CBSU 5024-1, female, 23.7+ 5.3 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Chamkhaleh, southern Caspian Sea, 37°30’ N 49°55’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 09 Nov. 2002. ZM-CBSU 5003-77, female, 25.1+ 6.3 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°29’ N 49°29’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 01 Nov. 2002. PMR VP4679 male, 43.3+10.0 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Chaboksar, southern Caspian Sea, 37°01’ N 50°34’ E, K. Abbasi & A. Sarapnah, 01 Mar. 2005. PMR VP4680, male, 47.0+ 8.6 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°31’ N 49°30’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 09 Mar. 2003. PMR VP4681 male, 35.1+ 8.5 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°29’ N 49°29’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 01 Mar. 2003. PMR VP4682, female, 30.4+ 7.4 mm, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°29’ N 49°29’ E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 17 Sep. 2002. PMR VP4683, female, 34.2 mm, caudal fin damaged, Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea, 37°35’ N 49°29’ E, K. Abbasi & A. Sarapnah, 01 Jan. 2004. Additional material. ZM-CBSU S003-17, 21 specimens, 31.7–47.3 mm SL, 37°37’46.71” N 49°33’55.10” E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 09 Mar. 2003. ZM-CBSU S003-112–113, ZM-CBSU S003-115, 3 specimens, 38.2–40.1 mm SL, 37°37’46.71” N 49°33’55.10” E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 05 Jan. 2004. ZM-CBSU S003- 134–135, 2 specimens, 33.5–40.8 mm SL, 37°37’46.71” N 49°33’55.10” E, K. Abbasi & S. Abdolmaleki, 10 Jan. 2004. All additional material was collected from Iran, Gilan Province, Anzali, southern Caspian Sea. Diagnosis. Benthophilus persicus is distinguished from all other congeneric species by: (1) dermal fold behind jaws well-developed, large, rectangular, (2) chin barbel of moderate size, 1/3–2/3 of eye diameter, (3) maximum body width 15.1–22.9% of SL, (4) mouth width 36.3–55.8% of head length, (5) second dorsal fin I+7–8; (6) origin of anal fin in front of vertical through origin of second dorsal fin, (7) dermal tubercles present, clearly larger than granules, with two posterior rows of spinules forming an acute, always less than right angle, (8) dorsal row of tubercles complete, 22– 29, (9) ventral row of tubercles 22–25, (10) ventrolateral row of tubercles absent, (11) tubercles not present on temporal and occipital head regions, (12) granules not present on flanks, (13) transversal suborbital row 6i below posterior end of row b, (14) anterior interorbital transversal row pa with one or two papillae and anterior interorbital transversal row pp with two or three papillae, and (15) body with 20–22 transversal ltm rows starting anteriorly behind pectoral axilla and alternating anteriorly with three longitudinal llm rows (characters presented in the order of appearance in the description). Each of the selected diagnostic characters differentiate the new species from between 4 to 15 Benthophilus species. Considering only these selected fifteen diagnostic characters, the new species differs from congeneric species in a range from at least five characters (from B. durrelli Boldyrev & Bogutskaya, 2004, B. mahmudbejovi Ragimov, 1976 and B. pinchuki Ragimov, 1982) up to eleven differential characters (from B. kessleri Berg, 1927). Description (Fig. 4). All morphometric and meristic values in the text are presented first for the holotype for the paratypes in parentheses. Morphometric data are provided in Table 1. Particularly large variability of some features may be based on sex, developmental stage or size dimorphism and is highlighted in the Table 1 and further explained in the Discussion. General morphology. Head rounded in vertical view, i.e., triangular with well-rounded lateral sides (Fig. 5). Head large, long and wide, length 2.8 (2.6–3.0) in SL, width 1.0 (1.0–1.2) in head length. Head depressed (dorsoventrally compressed), head depth in head width 1.9 (1.7–2.2), head depth 1.8 (1.6–2.4) in head length, wider than body, head width 0.7 (0.5–0.6) in maximum body width. Snout gently rounded, broad and moderately long, larger than eye diameter, 0.5 (0.6–0.8) in eye diameter, 3.6 (3.6–4.2) in head length. Eye small, horizontal diameter 7.1 (4.6–7.1) in head length. Interorbital distance 6.8 (5.2–10.9) in head length. Eye diameter and interorbital width both size-dependent, i.e., eye diameter negatively correlated and interorbital distance positively correlated with the body size. Dermal fold behind end of jaws well-developed, large, rectangular, elongate (Figs. 6a and 6b). Dermal fold depth in length 2.4 (2.5–3.7), with more or less rounded angles, along edge undulate or straight. Dermal fold of variable size to eye diameter, length of its base 0.9 (0.8–1.6) in eye diameter, 6.0 (4.9–8.2) in head length. Chin barbel of moderate size, 0.6 (0.4–0.7) in eye diameter, 12.0 (10.4–13.7) in head length, triangular, widened at base, triangle narrower in larger specimens, broader in smaller fish (Figs. 6b and 6c). Mouth relatively wide, mouth width 2.0 (1.8–2.8) in head length. Mouth corner below anterior eye margin. Anterior nostril tube without process from rim, reaching upper lip; posterior nostril with raised rim. No medial groove present on temporal and occipital head regions. Body deepest at first dorsal-fin origin or slightly in front of it, depth decreasing towards caudal-fin base. Greatest body width at middle between pectoral-fin bases, 4.4 (4.4–6.6) in SL, strongly decreasing towards caudalfin base. Caudal peduncle laterally compressed, caudal peduncle width 1.3 (1.2–1.5 in depth), shallow, its depth 17.4 (15.0–19.3) in SL, and narrow, its width 22.2 (20.2–25.9) in SL. Maximum size 55.6 mm in total length. Fins. The poor condition of fins in some cases prevents exact counts. D1 IV (III: 1, IV: 14), D2 I+7 (I+7: 7, I+8: 7; in paratype ZM-CBSU 5001-1 positive count was not possible), A I+8 (I+7: 6, I+8: 8; in paratype ZM-CBSU 5001-1 positive count was not possible), C branched rays 10 (10: 7, 11: 3, 12: 2; in three paratypes count was not possible), segmented 13 (13: 12; in three paratypes count was not possible), P 16 on both sides (16: 20, 17: 9, both sides counted; in paratype PMR VP4681 positive count was not possible on left side), V I+5/5+I (V I+5/5+I: 15). First dorsal fin low, its height 11.7 (10.5–11.9 in adult males, 13.5–21.3 in other individuals) in SL, lower than second dorsal fin, 7.8 (6.5–8.8) in SL. Origin of anal fin in front of vertical through origin of second dorsal fin. Anal-fin height 9.7 (8.4–10.4) in SL. Pectoral fin long, reaching backwards halfway between the first and second dorsal fins when folded back. Pelvic disc complete and oval with well-developed anterior membrane, anterior membrane with straight edge. Pelvic disc long, 3.2 (3.1–3.8) in SL, reaching to anal-fin origin. Caudal fin rounded. Dermal ossifications. Granules present only on head (on snout, between eyes, on temporal and occipital head regions, and around eye in a circle), on predorsal area and between dorsal and dorsolateral rows of tubercles below the first dorsal fin and below interdorsal space (Figs. 3 and 5). No granules on eyes. No granules on gill covers, dorsal body and posterior flank, around pelvic disc, and only a few granules on posterior dorsal part of caudal peduncle (Fig. 7). Granules tiny, simple-structured bumps, sometimes grouped two or three together, small specimens with comparatively large granules (Figs. 2 and 3). Tubercles distinctively larger than granules (Figs. 2 and 3). Tubercles on head appear more or less randomly scattered. Head with a few small tubercles on snout, 2–4 tubercles present between eyes and 10–12 well-developed tubercles on upper cheek, preopercle and opercle (Figs. 5 and 7a). Tubercles not present on temporal and occipital head regions, i.e. all dermal ossifications are definable as granules according to size and shape; and the first tubercles anteriorly to temporal region are located at interorbital space, i.e. anteriorly to rear edge of eyes (Fig. 5). Tubercles on trunk are arranged in longitudinal rows: dorsal, dorsolateral and ventral rows (Figs. 7 b-d). Dorsal row complete, with 22–29 tubercles, including 2–4 tubercles in front of the first dorsal fin. Several anterior tubercles of dorsal row in front and along the first dorsal fin smaller than remaining tubercles and with one radial row of spinules instead of two. Dorsolateral row with 20–26 well developed tubercles, starting above pectoral-fin base, ending at posterior part or end of D2, decreasing in size posteriorly. No ventrolateral row (Fig. 7c). Ventral row anteriorly curved upwards with 2–3 tubercles above others, 22–25 tubercles including the 2–3 anterior upper tubercles. Tubercle bodies poorly defined, dominated by spinules. Tubercles of body rows and of head possess two posterior rows of spinules forming an acute angle, always less than right angle. Exceptions are the anterior tubercles of dorsal row, with one radial row of spinules instead of two (Fig. 3), and tubercles on preopercle and opercle, where spinules look disorganised (Fig. 2). Lateral line system (Fig. 8). No head canals present. Number of papillae in rows are strongly specimen size depending, with larger rows of sensory papillae irregularly doubled or tripled in larger specimens (e.g., suborbital transversal rows or row ot) (Figs. 2 and 6a). Some rows or parts of rows as ridges with papillae along top, e.g., row e (Fig. 9). Rows with range of number of sensory papillae in parentheses as follows: (1) preorbital: snout with four median preorbital series, vertical row r (3–5) slightly above horizontal level of posterior nares, horizontal row s 1 (3–5) below horizontal level of posterior nares, horizontal row s 2 (3–4) n the level of anterior nares and below s 1 and vertical s 3 (2–4) more medially above upper lip. Lateral series c in four parts: superior c 2 as two horizontal rows between anterior and posterior nostril (2+4 – 4+8); middle c 1 (3–6) starting at anterior nostril; inferior rows, upper horizontal c 2 (5–10) and lower horizontal c 1 (3–6) starting anteriorly at upper lip. (2) suborbital: seven transverse suborbital rows (1–7) of sensory papillae: rows 1–4 begin distant from orbit, row 4 from anterior end of row b downwards to posterior end of row d; superior segments rows 5s and 6s and row 7 close to eye, inferior sections of rows 5 and 6 well developed, row 5i below middle of row b, row 6i below posterior end of row b, both ending downwards below row d in the level and behind dermal fold (1: 10+23, 2: 8–15, 3: 8–21, 4: 8– 15, 5s: 4–8, 5i: 10– 16, 6s: 4–7, 6i: 12–19, 7: 1–2). Longitudinal row b (10–16) extending forwards above row 5i to upper end of row 4 not reaching below eye. Longitudinal row d (9+8 – 15+11) discontinuous with large gap between supralabial and cheek parts from suborbital row 2 to row 3. (3) preoperculo-mandibular: external row e (27+22 – 44+34) divided into anterior and posterior sections; internal row i continuous (40–62), mental row f (6–14) as cluster in front of chin barbel (Fig. 9). (4) oculoscapular: vertical row tra (1–3) behind lower posterior eye edge with one additional papilla behind it, longitudinal row x¹ placed posteriorly above opercle (1+3 – 5+3), divided by vertical row trp (3–5) in two parts, vertical row q (2–5) behind and below row x¹, with one or two additional papillae behind it. Longitudinal row x² (2–3) placed above opercular posterior edge, with transversal row y (2–3) below it. Axillary vertical rows as 1 (3–7), as 2 (4–7), as 3 (6–12) present, row la 1 (2–4) above as 2 , row la 2 (3–5) above between as 2 and as 3 . (5) opercular: transverse row ot (23–48); superior longitudinal row os (10–24); and interior longitudinal row oi (3–5). (6) anterior dorsal: anterior row n longitudinal (1–3) behind upper eye, transverse row o (1–4) distant from fellow in dorsal midline; longitudinal row g (3–4) distant behind row o, longitudinal row m and longitudinal row h not visible. (7) interorbital: two pairs of interorbital transversal rows, anterior pa (1–2) and posterior pp (2–3). Body with 18–22 transversal ltm rows starting anteriorly behind axilla and as rows, alternating anteriorly with three longitudinal llm rows making anterior beginning pattern of -II-I-I (Fig. 10). Three transversal lv rows at lower anterior body. Two longitudinal lc rows, one along midline of caudal fin, the second above it. Osteology. Vertebral column: 9 (8–10) precaudal and 19 (19–20) caudal vertebrae (including urostyle); total vertebral count: 28 (28–30). D1 pterygiophore insertion pattern: 3–22 1*01*1*1* (only from holotype); number of anal pterygiophores anterior to the first haemal spine 0 (0–1). Crest-like remaxillary process present on posterior third of premaxialla, sloping with a steep angle on anterior rim and gently towards posterior tip of premaxialla. Five branchiostegal rays. One epural. Number of C rays inserting in hypural 5: 2 (1–2), 3+4 (fused): 5 (5–6), hypural 1+2 (fused): 4 (4–5) and parhypural: 1 (0–1), total number of C rays inserting in hypurals, and parhypural: 12 (12; fused hypural 1+2 and 3+4 separated by a large gap, which does not support any branched caudal ray. Coloration. No live coloration recorded. Color of preserved specimens (Fig. 4): body opaque fawn, irregularly scattered melanophores present on upper head and body, and also on dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins. In some specimens remaining pigmentation almost invisible. Some specimens with three whitish saddles on back: at D2 anterior beginning, D2 posterior end and on caudal peduncle, and with four pigmented blotches on caudal fin longitudinally arranged. Etymology. The species is named for Persia. Distribution and habitat. Southern Caspian Sea basin (Fig. 1). Benthophilus persicus inhabits brackish waters and is abundant on sandy bottoms in coastal areas of the southern Caspian Sea. Capture depth ranges from 6 to 70 m. However, no specimens have yet been collected in the eastern part of southern Caspian Sea. Remarks. Boldyrev & Bogutskaya (2007) tentatively assigned 20 recognized species of the genus Benthophilus to four phenotypic groups. The most prominent differences of the new species as compared with members of the four different species groups are as follows. The new species clearly differs from group I members comprising B. granulosus Kessler, 1877, B. grimmi Kessler, 1877, B. kessleri Berg, 1927, B. leptorhynchus Kessler, 1877 and B. svetovidovi Pinchuk & Ragimov, 1979 by having tubercles on the body (vs. bony plates rather than tubercles on body). Benthophilus persicus differs from B. baeri Kessler, 1877 and B. spinosus Kessler, 1877 of group IV by having comparatively small dorsal tubercles with body poorly defined, dominated by clearly visible spinules (Figs. 2 and 3) (vs. very large dorsal tubercles with clear polygonal conical erected body with small or hardly visible spinules, Figure 4 in Boldyrev & Bogutskaya (2007)), 22–25 tubercles in ventral row (vs. 9–20), numerous tiny simple structured granules, sometimes grouped two or three together (vs. large and sparse granules with spinules), a few granules present on the posterior dorsal part of the caudal peduncle (vs. granules restricted to the upper head surface, gill covers and anterior part of the back). Benthophilus persicus cannot be unambiguously assigned to phenotypic groups II or III of Boldyrev & Bogutskaya (2007) since it features a mix of characters that were used to distinguish these two groups. The new species has tubercles with two posterior rows of spinules forming an acute angle (vs. almost right angle of two rows of spinules on dorsal tubercules in group III), tubercles present between eyes (vs. tubercles absent between eyes in group III), a complete dorsal row (vs. dorsal row incomplete in group III), and a low count of 22–29 dorsal row tubercles (vs. two out of four species of group III, B. pinchuki Ragimov, 1982 and B. ragimovi Boldyrev & Bogutskaya, 2004, having higher counts of dorsal row tubercles). However, it has no tubercles on temporal and occipital head regions (vs. usually four tubercles in row on each side of head in temporal and occipital regions of head, one unpaired temporal tubercle in group II) and no blotches on body in a preserved state (vs. blotches on body in group II, except B. abdurahmanovi Ragimov, 1978). The phenotypic groups II and III of Boldyrev & Bogutskaya (2007) appear less well defined morphologically than the other two groups. Therefore, the new species is here compared with each of the 13 recognized species of groups II and III in alphabetic order: Benthophilus persicus differs from B. abdurahmanovi Ragimov, 1978 by having origin of anal fin in front of vertical through origin of second dorsal fin (vs. under origin of the second dorsal fin), tubercles present, clearly larger than granules, with two posterior rows of spinules forming an acute angle (vs. tubercles slightly larger than granules, with weakly developed spinules), no ventrolateral row of tubercles (vs. present), no tubercles on temporal and occipital head regions (vs. weak tubercles present there), no granules on flanks (vs. present), transversal suborbital row 6i below posterior end of row b (vs. below middle of row b), and the anterior interorbital transversal row pa with 1–2 papilla (vs. 3–5 papillae). Benthophilus persicus differs from B. casachicus Ragimov, 1978 by having the dermal fold rectangular large (vs. triangular large), the origin of anal fin in front of vertical through origin of second dorsal fin (vs. under origin of the second dorsal fin), tubercles present with two posterior rows of spinules forming an acute angle (vs. tubercles with numerous radial rows of spinules), no tubercles on temporal and occipital head regions (vs. weak tubercles present on head), anterior interorbital transversal row pa with 1–2 papillae (vs. 3–5 papillae), body with 18–22 transversal ltm rows starting anteriorly behind axilla and alternating anteriorly with three longitudinal llm rows, having a total of 21–25 lm rows (vs. 17–18 lm rows in total), and a maximum body width 15.1–22.9% of SL (vs. 23.2–27.8%). Benthophilus persicus is different from B. ctenolepidus Kessler, 1877 in having the dermal fold rectangular large (vs. curved large), origin of anal fin in front of vertical through origin of second dorsal fin (vs. under origin of the second dorsal fin), tubercles present with two posterior rows of spinules forming an acute, always less than right, angle (vs. about right angle), dorsal row of tubercles complete, 22–29 (vs. incomplete dorsal row), transversal suborbital row 6i below posterior end of row b (vs. below middle of row b), and second dorsal fin with I+7–8 rays (vs. second dorsal fin I+9–10). Benthophilus persicus differs from B. durrelli by being distributed in southern Caspian Sea (vs. distribution in the Taganrog Bay of the Sea of Azov and Don River from mouth upstream to the upper stretch of Tsymlyansk Reservoir) and by having no ventrolateral row of tubercles (vs. large tubercles present), no tubercles on temporal and occipital head regions (vs. present in two radial rows), no granules on flanks (vs. sparsely scattered but present), transversal suborbital row 6i below posterior end of row b (vs. below middle of row b), and the anterior interorbital transversal row pa with 1–2 papillae (vs. 3–5 papillae). Benthophilus persicus differs from B. leobergius Berg, 1949 in having the dermal fold rectangular (vs. triangular), origin of anal fin in front of vertical through origin of second dorsal fin (vs. origin of anal fin under origin of the second dorsal fin), no tubercles on temporal and occipital head regions (vs. tubercles present), transversal suborbital row 6i below posterior end of row b (vs. below middle of row b), anterior interorbital transversal row pa with 1–2 papilla (vs. 3–5 papillae), maximum body width 15.1–22.9% of SL (vs. 24.5–31.1%), and mouth width 36.3–55.8% of head length (vs. 65.3–71.3%). Benthophilus persicus differs from B. leptocephalus Kessler, 1877 in having the dermal fold large and rectangular (vs. dermal fold absent), a moderate chin barbel, 1/3–2/3 of eye diameter in length (vs. very small barbel, hardly visible or absent), tubercles present with two posterior rows of spinules forming an acute, always less than right, angle (vs. nearly right angle),
The Invasion and Encapsulation of the Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema abbasi, in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae
No full textThe Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is of crucial concern to the public and veterinary health because of its vector role in transmission of several mosquito-borne diseases. Over the past decades, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been used to control important agricultural insect pests and are considered to be effective against mosquitoes as well. The objectives of this study were to investigate the mosquitocidal effects of Steinernema abbasi to Ae. albopictus and the encapsulation processes of invading nematodes in the mosquito host. In this study, we found that S. abbasi was pathogenic to 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Ae. albopictus by entering the hemocoel of the 3rd and 4th instar larvae mainly through mouth and gastric caecum or by penetrating pupae through the intersegmental membrane or trumpet. The mosquito larvae infected with a single nematode caused a high mortality. Although EPNs in the hemocoel of mosquitoes were melanized and encapsulated, most Ae. albopictus larvae failed to survive after infection with S. abbasi. Overall, we demonstrated that S. abbasi is pathogenic to Ae. albopictus larvae, suggesting that this S. abbasi isolate has potential as a biocontrol agent for managing this vector mosquito
Comparison of pathogenicity of two entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema abbasi and Steinernema carpocapsae, to Lymantria xylina (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae)
No full textPathogenicity of two entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema abbasi and S. carpocapsae, and their potential applications in the field against the casuarina tussock moth, Lymantria xylina, were conducted in this study. Inoculation with different concentrations of S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae to 3rd- 6th instar larvae of L. xylina, the LT50 values treated with S. carpocapsae were shorter than those with S. abbasi in all larval instars. The LT50 values of 6th instar larvae infected with S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae at 20 IJs/larva were 89.8 h and 67.4 h, while the LT50 values of 3th instar larvae infected with S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae at 15 IJs/larva were 40.5 h and 24.7 h, respectively. The effect of temperature on pathogenicity of S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae to L. xylina was tested by inoculating 4th instar larvae with 20 IJs/larva at 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃. The LT50 values infected with S. abbasi at 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃ were 64.3, 43.9, and 30.7 h, whereas those with S. carpocapsae were 32.3, 25.2, and 16.4 h, respectively. These results showed that the LT50 values were decreased while increasing the treating temperatures in both nematodes. Inoculation of 4th instar larvae of L. xylina with S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae at 20 IJs/larva in artificial simulated seasons, i.e., spring and fall (L: D = 12: 12 h;26: 22℃), summer (L: D = 13 h 20 min: 10 h 40 min;31: 27℃), and winter (L: D = 11: 13 h;21: 16℃). The LT50 values infected with S. abbasi at 20 IJs/larva under spring, fall and winter were 35.4, 35.2, and 56.3 h, respectively, while those with S. carpocapsae were 30.4, 26.6, and 36.2 h, respectively. Therefore, the pathogenicity of both nematodes in winter was lower than that in other seasons. While inoculating 4th instar larvae with S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae at 100 and 300 IJs/L in greenhouse, the LT50 values of 4th instar larvae incubated at night were shorter than those in daytime as treated with both nematodes at the same concentration. In small scale field experiments treating with 1x105, 3x105 IJs/L, the mortalities of L. xylina larvae was not significantly different between both nematodes, resulting in only 22.7% - 42.4%, while the larval mortality was reached 87.2% as treated with fenvalerate. Therefore, it is suggested that effective application techniques of these two entomopathogenic nematodes in the field have to be further developed.本試驗藉由生物檢定研究蟲生線蟲對黑角舞蛾 (Lymantria xylina) 之致病力，並評估其是否適合應用於田間防治。利用不同濃度之蟲生線蟲Steinernema abbasi及S. carpocapsae 懸浮液接種三～六齡的黑角舞蛾幼蟲，結果發現S. carpocapsae對各齡期之半致死時間 (LT50) 皆較S. abbasi為短。在不同齡期之比較，六齡幼蟲分別以20隻侵染期幼蟲(IJs)接種S. carpocapsae之LT50為67.4 h，S. abbasi為89.8 h；而三齡幼蟲各以15 IJs接種S. carpocapsae 之LT50為24.7 h，S. abbasi為40.5 h。在20、25及30℃下，以20 IJs接種S. carpocapsae之LT50分別為32.3、25.2及16.4 h，而接種S. abbasi之LT50則分別為64.3、43.9及30.7 h。此結果顯示此兩種蟲生線蟲對黑角舞蛾幼蟲之LT50，在20-30℃隨溫度上升而降低。另外，在不同光週期及變溫環境下模擬不同季節，春季及秋季 (L：D = 12：12 h；26：22℃)、夏季 (L：D = 13 h 20 min：10 h 40 min；31：27℃)、冬季 (L：D = 11：13 h；21：16℃)，各以S. abbasi及S. carpocapsae 20 IJs接種黑角舞蛾四齡幼蟲，S. abbasi之LT50分別為35.4、35.2及56.3 h；而S. carpocapsae之LT50分別為30.4、26.6及36.2 h。此結果顯示蟲生線蟲於冬季之殺蟲效力較其他季節差。於溫室模擬田間試驗中，發現接種100 IJs/L或300 IJs/L，除100 IJs/L之S. abbasi外，於晚間施用對於黑角舞蛾幼蟲之半致死時間比白天施用較短。然在田間小規模施用時，則發現不論S. abbasi或S. carpocapsae 分別以1x105及3x105 IJs/L濃度施用時，兩者所造成的死亡率無顯著差異，防治率介於22.7 % ~ 42.4 %之間，而防治效果仍以芬化利最佳為87.2 %。故蟲生線蟲有效的田間施用技術，尚待進一步之探討。目次
中文摘要.....................................................................................I
英文摘要....................................................................................II
前言.............................................................................................1
文獻摘述.....................................................................................3
材料與方法...............................................................................18
結果...........................................................................................22
討論...........................................................................................28
結論...........................................................................................35
參考文獻...................................................................................36
圖表...........................................................................................4
Biogas energy / Tasneem Abbasi, S.M. Tauseef, S.A. Abbasi.
No full textIncludes bibliographical references.Book Fair 2013.xiii, 169 p. :In recent years, the importance of biogas energy has risen manifold and has become universal. This is due to the realization that biogas capture and utilization has great potential in controlling global warming. By capturing biogas wherever it is formed, we not only tap a source of clean energy, but we also prevent the escape of methane to the atmosphere. Given that methane has 25 times greater global warming potential than CO2, methane capture through biogas energy in this manner can contribute substantially towards global warming control
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