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(51(1):56-60)Effect of Fruitlet Stripping in Off-year on Subsequent Yield of ‘Eureka’ Lemon
No full text在嘉義地區，‘Eureka’檸檬於小年之四月中旬生理落果期間完全疏果，並無促進開花、調節產期之作用。疏果者當年大幅減產，次年五月及九月之產量較對照植株高，其中五月者有顯著差異，九月者未達顯著差異。顯示完全疏果對產量之影響，至次年之主要產期（九月）已不明顯。枝梢修剪量，不論新梢（一年生以內）或老枝（一年生以上），疏果植株平均分別較未疏果者多，但未達顯著差異。Fruits of ‘Eureka’ lemon (Citrus limon [L.] Burm. f.) were stripped during physiological fruit drop period (mid-April) for forcing production. However, no effective result was obtained. Yields of treatment trees were significantly reduced in current year and they were higher in the following year. In controlled trees, the weight of pruned shoot in current year were higher, but there were not significantly different compared with those of the treated
Conservation, Disease-indexing and Utilization of Pathogen-free Citrus and Banana Genetic Resources in Taiwan
No full textVirus and virus-like diseases (greening) of citrus and banana have been causing considerable damage to fruit production worldwide due to their systemic invasion and common spread through infected budwoods, vegetatively propagated seedlings, and transmission by insect vectors. The heat-tolerant form of greening locally known as Huanglungbin (HLB) in China has seriously affected citrus trees in the tropical/ subtropical regions of Asia, and recently in the North and South America. The HLB caused great damage to the citrus industry by shortening tree lifespan and lowering fruit quality. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is the most common and destructive virus in the western hemisphere, and has a worldwide distribution. Citrus tatter leaf capillovirus (CTLV) has a potential to become prevalent when trifoliate orange and its hybrids are used as rootstocks. The citrus exocortis viroid (CEV) occurs in many countries, and its commercial effects are primarily on trees grafted on trifoliate orange and some its hybrids, and Rangpur lime. The bunchy-top virus (BBTV) disease has been the common and destructive virus disease of banana since the beginning of this century in Asian and Pacific regions. The banana mosaic caused by CMV has become epidemic after common cultivation of tissue-culture plantlets. Banana streak badnavirus and bract mosaic potyvirus have newly spread to many banana areas in the Pacific regions in recent years. These systemic diseases have become one of the serious constraints for the industry of citrus and banana in the Asian and Pacific region.
These diseases are generally controlled by the integrated control measures including cultivation of pathogen-free seedlings, elimination of inoculum sources and prevention of secondary spread by vector insects. In view point of germplasm utilization, establishment of pathogen-free nursery system is primarily important for preventing prevalence of these diseases. National scheme of citrus pathogen-free nursery system is consist of PF citrus foundation in Chia-Yi Agriculture Experimental Station repository and the approved nurseries in private sector and fruit cooperative. The production and utilization of PF-citrus seedlings has been performed under citrus sapling certificate regulation. The virus-free banana cultivars of economic importance obtained through virus-indexing and tissue culture under heat-therapy temperature have been kept in the foundation screen-house for mass production of PF banana TC-plantlets in Taiwan Banana Research Institute. The PF citrus and banana seedlings are commonly cultivated for improving the agro-industry in Taiwan. The precise and rapid indexing techniques are indispensable for management of pathogen-free nursery system and health management of citrus and banana plants in the field. Development and application of molecular diagnostic probes including monoclonal antibodies, DNA probes, and primer pairs for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were made for formulating indexing techniques including ELISA, rapid diagnostic strips, PCR and RT-PCR to be discussed in this presentation . The establishment of virus-free nursery system for controlling citrus and banana virus diseases has been properly performed through shoot-tip micro-grafting, and tissue culture via virus-free stock indexing and heat-therapy with tissue culture in Taiwan
(59(3):209-218)Effects of Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Tankan Tangor
No full text桶柑嫁接於7種砧木定植於苗栗獅潭，調查砧木種類對植株生長、產量與果實品質的影響。定植後4至5年間有40.0%酸橙砧與5.6%柚砧植株因衰弱而淘汰，第7年檢定萎縮病 (tristeza)，結果顯示以酸橙或柚作為砧木的植株為感病，但柚砧者較耐病，其他5 種類包括酸橘、美女橘、粗皮檸檬、Troyer 枳橙及Swingle 枳柚作為桶柑砧木，無論感染與否，外觀均無顯著差異，應屬於耐病或抗病。定植後第5至第10年之產量，Troyer 枳橙砧者最高，其次為美女橘與粗皮檸檬，Swingle枳柚與酸橙又次之，酸橘及柚最低。比較第8 至第10 年間之果實品質，處理間主要差異為，粗皮檸檬砧之果汁率、可溶性固形物含量及含酸量均最低，3年中分別有2年達顯著差異。品質特性之主要項目在其他6種砧木間之差異較小，其高低在各年之間也不一致。
Tankan tangors grafted on seven rootstocks were planted in an orchard located in Miaoli County. The effects of rootstocks on tree growth, yield and fruit quality were investigated. 40% of the trees grafted on sour orange and 5.6% of trees on pummelo declined during the fourth and fifth year after planting. Plants were indexed for tristeza by RT-PCR in the seventh year. The results showed that trees on sour orange and pummelo were susceptible to tristeza, however pummelo was relatively tolerant. Trees on the other 5 rootstocks including Sunki, Cleopatra, rough lemon, Troyer citrange and Swingle citrumelo were tolerant or resistant. Yield was examined from the fifth to tenth year. The highest yield was found in plants grafted on Troyer, followed by Cleopatra and rough lemon, Swingle and sour orange, and Sunki and pummelo. Fruit qualities were compared from the eighth to tenth year. The major differences in fruit quality among the rootstocks were that the juice content, total soluble solid and acid content were significantly lower from trees grafted on rough lemon than on the other six rootstocks. The differences in fruit qualities among the other six rootstocks were not significant and were not consistent during the three years of investigation
(56(4):298-306)Effects of Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Murcott’ Tangor
No full text在嘉義及雲林的三個試區進行茂谷柑之八種砧木試驗，調查植株生長、產量與果實品質至定植後第六或第七年。生育正常植株之產量以廣東檸檬及粗皮檸檬較高，枳殼及Swingle枳柚中等，酸橘及酸橙較低。果實品質在三個試區的表現甚相近，砧木间的主要差異爲可溶性固形物及含酸量，根殼及其雜交種Troyer枳橙、Swingle枳柚之可溶性固形物及含酸量較高，酸橘及酸橙中等，雜交柚、廣東檸檬及粗皮檸檬最低。嘉義試區疫病與黃龍病發生嚴重，是影響植株生長與產量的主要因素，前者以酸橘及Troyer枳橙、後者以Swingle枳柚之感染率較高，是導致產量低的原因。In order to evaluated the effects of different species of rootstocks on fruit production of 'Murcott' tangor. Scions of 'Murcott' tangor were grafted on one year old seedlings of eight species of rootstocks and planted in the Chia-Yi Agricultural Experiment Station and two sites at Gu-Keng, Yunlin County. Tree growth, yield and fruit quality were investigated at the sixth and seventh year after transplanting. Accumulated yields of healthy plants were high on rough lemon and 'Rangpur' lime, intermediate on trifoliate, 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Troyer' citrange, low on sour orange and Sunki. The fruit qualities were similar among most combination of the 'Murcott' tangor and rootstocks species. Total soluble solids and acid contents were high from 'Murcott' tangor grafted on trifoliate, 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Troyer' citrange, intermediate on Sunki and sour orange, and low on 'Rangpur' lime and rough lemon. In Chia-Yi Agricultural Experiment Station low yield of 'Murcott' tangor on 'Swingle' was resulted from infection with Huanglongbing, whereas low yield on Sunki and 'Troyer' citrange was due to Phytophthora foot or root rot
Influences of Fruit Bagged Treatments on Fruit Color and Major Peel Pigment Constituents of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. ‘Ruby’)
No full text本試驗主要探討不同時期套袋與紙袋顏色對‘Ruby’葡萄柚(Citrus paradise Macf.)果實顏色與主要果皮色素組成之影響，包括早期套黑色袋與白色袋、晚期套黑色袋與不套袋等處理。果皮顏色參數變化，各處理之L*及C*值均隨果實發育而增加，h°則隨發育而減少，且套黑色袋者顏色轉變較快，果皮脫綠明顯，於最後採收時(11月27日)果皮呈紅橙色，而不套袋處理者至採收時果皮仍維持綠色。各處理果肉之L*及C*值均隨果實發育而減少，h°則是稍減少而後增加。最後採收時各處理果肉之L*及C*值均無明顯差異，而h°則以晚期套黑色袋處理者較低，明顯較不套袋者偏紅。色素分析顯示，不論何種處理，果皮葉綠素含量均隨果實發育而減少，以套黑色袋者含量最低，葉綠素a含量減少較快，而不套袋與套白色袋者則以葉綠素b之含量減少較快。套黑袋者果皮類胡蘿蔔素於發育過程中先減少而後增加，其組成以Lycopene為主，僅不套袋者於最後採收時仍有少量α-carotene存在。相關分析顯示，‘Ruby’葡萄柚果皮葉綠素含量與L*值呈負相關，與h°呈正相關；類胡蘿蔔素及Lycopene含量則與h°呈負相關，且Lycopene有較高之相關性(r2=0.6941**)。
Color is an important fruit characteristic in grapefruit (Citrus paradise Macf.). The experiments investigated the influences of bagging periods and paper color on fruit color and major peel pigment constituents of ‘Ruby’ grapefruit at various stages. The treatments of fruit bagged were bagged with black paper in late May and late June and with white paper in late May, respectively. Control fruit were not bagged. The peel color parameters both L* and C* values increased, but h° value decreased after bagging. Peels of fruits bagged with black paper notably degreened and turned to reddish orange at harvest on 27 November, and that of control was still yellow green. The L* and C* values of flesh decreased after bagging in all of the treatments. The h° value of fruit flesh decreased and then increased with fruit development. There was insignificantly different among treatments in L* and C* values of flesh at each sampling date, but the flesh of fruits bagged in late May with black paper had lower h° and deeper red than those of control at harvest. In all treatments total chlorophyll content in peels decreased with fruit development and fruits bagged with black paper had lower content than the others. Chlorophyll a content in peel of fruits bagged with black paper decreased much rapidly, but chlorophyll b content was lower in those bagged with white paper or control. There was a significant negative correlation between chlorophyll content and L* value and positive correlation with hue angle (h°). Lycopene was main carotenoids of peel, the content decreased slightly at all stage and then increased in the peel of fruits bagged with black paper at harvest. There was a significant correlation between hue angle (h°) and lycopene content (r2=0.6941**). Small amount of α-carotene (0.51μg/g FW) was found in the peel of control fruits at harvest stage, but it was not detected in those of others
Effects of Pre-harvest Water Management on Fruit Size and Alternate Bearing of 'Ponkan' Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco).
No full text為探討採收前水分管理對椪柑果實大小及隔年結果之影響，2004年至2006年期在雲林縣古坑鄉，進行採收前28日或14日斷水處理，每處理4株，含對照組計12株。採收前28日、14日斷水及對照者三年單株平均累計產量分別為1123果、841果及936果。採收前28日斷水者，果實周徑小於23cm之比例，顯著高於採收前14日斷水者，而果實周徑介於23與27cm間之比例顯著少於對照者，隔年結果強度有較對照者少之趨勢。延緩斷水使無葉花序比例增加，葉片累計較多氮素，並使碳氮比之累積較差。
To study the effect of pre-harvest water management on fruit size, yield and alternate bearing of 'Ponkan', irrigation was ceased 28 and 14 days prior to harvest and irrigation was withheld as a control in three consecutive years. The average cumulative yield were 1123 fruits, 841 fruits and 936 fruits, respectively. Ceasing water supply 28 days prior to harvest produced more small fruits (circumference ＜ 23cm) than ceasing water supply 14 days prior to harvest and more medium fruits (circumference ＞ 23cm and ＜ 27cm) and small alternate bearing intensity than the control. However, delaying the refraining of water until harvest increased leafless inflorescence and leaf nitrogen, but decreased carbon/nitrogen ratio of leaf
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Influences of Refraining Water Supply before Harvest on Soil Water Content and Fruit Quality of 'Ponkan' Mandarin (Citrus Reticulata Balanco)
No full text為探討採收前斷水處理對土壤水分含量及‘椪柑’果實品質之影響，試驗果樹分別於採收前56 日、28 日、14 日、7 日及3 日施行斷水處理，每處理4 株，計20 株。斷水後土壤含水量逐漸減少，較早斷水者土壤水分張力漸升至90 cbar 以上，並維持在較乾狀態。晚斷水者土壤含水量相對較高，土壤水分張力值相對維持較低，約在60 cbar 左右。斷水遲早與土壤含水量對果實轉色程度、果重及果汁率無顯著影響。但較晚斷水者果實分級過程損傷率、浮皮率及體積有增加之趨勢。早斷水者可溶性固形物含量三年中有二年呈增加之趨勢，而含酸量則三年皆呈增加之趨勢。
The influence of refraining water supply before harvest on soil water content and fruit quality of ‘Ponkan’ was investigated for 3 consecutive years. Irrigation was ceased for 56, 28, 14, 7, or 3 days prior to harvest. Early refraining water supply caused soil water tension to increase above 90 centi bar and the soil at drier condition. Irrigation regularly until 3 days before harvest resulted in higher soil water content and soil water tension at 60 centi bar. The starting time of refraining water supply did not significantly affect fruit coloration, weight per fruit, and fruit juice content. However, delayed refraining water supply resulted in increased fruit damage during grading, fruit puffing and fruit size. Early refraining water supply resulted in higher fruit soluble solids in 2 out of 3 years and higher titratable acidity in all 3 years of observations
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