122 research outputs found
Trends in the selection of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes in northwest Tanzania during a community randomized trial of longlasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying.
No full textAnopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Muleba, Tanzania has developed high levels of resistance to most insecticides currently advocated for malaria control. The kdr mutation has almost reached fixation in An. gambiae s.s. in Muleba. This change has the potential to jeopardize malaria control interventions carried out in the region. Trends in insecticide resistance were monitored in two intervention villages using World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility test kits. Additional mechanisms contributing to observed phenotypic resistance were investigated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) bottle bioassays with piperonylbutoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) synergists. Resistance genotyping for kdr and Ace-1 alleles was conducted using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In both study villages, high phenotypic resistance to several pyrethroids and DDT was observed, with mortality in the range of 12-23%. There was a sharp decrease in mortality in An. gambiae s.l. exposed to bendiocarb (carbamate) from 84% in November 2011 to 31% in December 2012 after two rounds of bendiocarb-based indoor residual spraying (IRS). Anopheles gambiae s.l. remained susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate). Bendiocarb-based IRS did not lead to the reversion of pyrethroid resistance. There was no evidence for selection for Ace-1 resistance alleles. The need to investigate the operational impact of the observed resistance selection on the effectiveness of longlasting insecticidal nets and IRS for malaria control is urgent
Analisis Pasien Cedera Hamstring Dengan Penanganan Sport Massage Dan Inframerah
No full textThe objectives to be achieved in this study were to determine the comfort of hamstring injury patients with sports massage treatment and to determine the comfort of hamstring injury patients with sports massage and infrared treatment. This study is a study that uses mixed methods (mixing quantitative and qualitative methods), while the population in this study were hamstring injury patients at MCO Kitau and the subjects in this study were hamstring injury patients with a combination of sports massage and infrared treatment at MCO Kitau totaling 3 people. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Based on the results of the study obtained, it can be concluded that handling hamstring injuries with a combination of sports massage and infrared techniques has a higher level of comfort compared to sports massage techniques because the healing process is faster and patients do not feel too much pain during the massage process
Becoming inclusive : a Deleuzoguattarian view of inclusive education policy struggles in Kenyan primary schools
No full textThis thesis is based on a study into the tensions and struggles between written government policy on inclusion and the reality of living and lived policy in Kenya, taking the experiences of a primary school’s attempt to become inclusive as its primary focus. The methodology builds on the metaphorical concepts of a ‘rhizome’, ‘tree’, ‘lines of flight’ and ‘becoming’ as they are espoused by Deleuze and Guattari (1987) in their philosophical writings in the book, A thousand plateaus. The contrast between the rhizome and the tree provides the basis for the critique of 'methodolatory' (Chamberlain, 2000: 287) and creates spaces for creative imagination in conducting inclusive research. The thesis advances a view of IE as a becoming, and draws upon the ‘philosophies of difference’ to offer new lenses for thinking and acting inclusively within schools (Allan, 2008). Through a rhizoanalytic approach, the relations and connections between written and lived policy are explored in order to consider what sort of educational spaces might be worthy of the inclusion of children and adults. The thesis also examines the wider contexts within which exclusive tendencies are harboured. Besides the surface view of inclusive education, participant accounts and conceptualisations imply that there is an invisible view of IE which is informed by a much more complex set of understandings. Therefore, teachers in their attempts to teach inclusively are often caught up in these complexities and disciplinary power networks which can be understood if they work closely with policy officials. The central recommendation of this study is that, there is need for policy officials to engage more deeply with teachers in order to understand their actual experiences. In this way, policy changes can begin to reflect school practices and capture the issues that teachers regard as priorities for promoting inclusive initiatives. This view suggests a change to a bottom-up and rhizomatic approach in the way policy is made and implemented because teachers had a feeling of being left out in making decisions that affect their work. To address issues of inequality, ethnicity should form part of future research in order to create different ways of tackling institutional exclusions and build foundations for citizenship and social cohesion.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Assessment of methods used to determine the safety of the topical insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET).
No full textN,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) has been registered for commercial use as an insect repellent for over five decades, and is used widely across the world. Concerns over the safety of DEET first emerged during the 1980s after reports of encephalopathy following DEET exposure, particularly in children. However, the role of DEET in either the illness or deaths was and remains purely speculative. In response to these cases a number of reviews and investigations of DEET safety were carried out. Here we examine the methods used and information available to determine the safety of DEET in humans. Animal testing, observational studies and intervention trials have found no evidence of severe adverse events associated with recommended DEET use. Minor adverse effects noted in animal trials were associated with very large doses and were not replicated between different test species. The safety surveillance from extensive humans use reveals no association with severe adverse events. This review compares the toxicity assessment using three different models to define the risk assessment and safety threshold for DEET use in humans and discusses the clinical consequences of the thresholds derived from the models.The theoretical risks associated with wearing an insect repellent should be weighed against the reduction or prevention of the risk of fatal or debilitating diseases including malaria, dengue, yellow fever and filariasis. With over 48 million European residents travelling to regions where vector borne diseases are a threat in 2009, restricting the concentration of DEET containing repellents to 15% or less, as modelled in the 2010 EU directive, is likely to result in extensive sub-therapeutic activity where repellents are infrequently applied. Future European travellers, as a consequence of inadequate personal protection, could potentially be at increased risk of vector borne diseases. Risk assessments of repellents should take these factors into account when setting safe limits
Evaluation of alternatives to expanded polystyrene beads for mosquito control
No full textAbstract
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads have been shown to be an effective tool for controlling immature stages of mosquitoes, as well as preventing oviposition by adults. Polystyrene does not biodegrade quickly, resulting in some concerns about its effect on the environment. A potential solution is the use of biodegradable materials that cover the surface of mosquito breeding sites in the same way as EPS beads. Two candidates are polylactic acid (PLA) beads and corn starch shreds. Larval mortality and adult emergence of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) were monitored in bowls with each of four treatments: EPS beads, PLA beads, corn starch shreds and a control. The PLA beads were as effective as EPS beads at preventing mosquito emergence, whereas the shredded corn starch treatment resulted in significantly higher rates of emergence to the control. Similarly, EPS and PLA beads resulted in 100% mortality after 10 days, while there was low mortality of larvae in the corn starch (9%) and control treatments (20%). PLA beads provided similar levels of mortality and reduction in adult emergence as EPS beads. However, the production requirements of PLA beads may limit its use in field conditions
Implementing the New Papua New Guinea National Health Gender Policy - some challenges and opportunities
No full textGender- Based Violence (GBV) is a major issue world-wide. Within last two decadesmany resources were invested into ending it in Papua New Guinea. In 2015, which incidentally coincides with the end of the Millennium Development Goals, PNG must reflect on and learn from the past in striving towards achieving gender equality. The purpose of this paperis to review the new National Health Gender Policy in the context of previous attempts by the governments and development partners to tackle gender inequality and gender violence. The aim was to highlight potential lessons which need to be taken into account to ensure successful implementation of the policy. The study was performed by conducting a summary of previous attempts to implement gender policies and programs in Papua New Guinea since Independence in 1975 was provided. This was followed by a review of the new National Health Gender Policy (2014) to identify challenges and opportunities in implementing the new policy. The opportunity to use evidence-based approach to provide practical guidance to all key stakeholders to translate the new policy into action is highlighted
Species shifts in the Anopheles gambiae complex: do LLINs successfully control Anopheles arabiensis?
No full textINTRODUCTION: High coverage of conventional and long-lasting insecticide treated nets (ITNs and LLINs) in parts of E Africa are associated with reductions in local malaria burdens. Shifts in malaria vector species ratio have coincided with the scale-up suggesting that some species are being controlled by ITNs/LLINs better than others. METHODS: Between 2005-2006 six experimental hut trials of ITNs and LLINs were conducted in parallel at two field stations in northeastern Tanzania; the first station was in Lower Moshi Rice Irrigation Zone, an area where An. arabiensis predominates, and the second was in coastal Muheza, where An. gambiae and An. funestus predominate. Five pyrethroids and one carbamate insecticide were evaluated on nets in terms of insecticide-induced mortality, blood-feeding inhibition and exiting rates. RESULTS: In the experimental hut trials mortality of An. arabiensis was consistently lower than that of An. gambiae and An. funestus. The mortality rates in trials with pyrethroid-treated nets ranged from 25-52% for An. arabiensis, 63-88% for An. gambiae s.s. and 53-78% for An. funestus. All pyrethroid-treated nets provided considerable protection for the occupants, despite being deliberately holed, with blood-feeding inhibition (percentage reduction in biting rates) being consistent between species. Veranda exiting rates did not differ between species. Percentage mortality of mosquitoes tested in cone bioassays on netting was similar for An. gambiae and An. arabiensis. CONCLUSIONS: LLINs and ITNs treated with pyrethroids were more effective at killing An. gambiae and An. funestus than An. arabiensis. This could be a major contributing factor to the species shifts observed in East Africa following scale up of LLINs. With continued expansion of LLIN coverage in Africa An. arabiensis is likely to remain responsible for residual malaria transmission, and species shifts might be reported over larger areas. Supplementary control measures to LLINs may be necessary to control this vector species
Adaptability and sustainability of an Indigenous Australian family wellbeing initiative in the context of Papua New Guinea: a follow up
No full textObjective: This paper describes the follow-up phase of a pilot collaborative initiative between the University of Papua New Guinea and James Cook University aimed at determining the relevance of an Indigenous Australian Family Wellbeing (FWB) empowerment program in the context of Papua New Guinea (PNG). It describes opportunities and challenges involved in adapting and sustaining the FWB approach to the PNG context. Two evaluation questionnaires were administered to 60 course participants.
Conclusions: Findings revealed that the course was relevant, adaptable and could readily be integrated with other health programs. In the context of PNG's target to meet its United Nations Millennium Development Goals by 2015, the Family Wellbeing approach offers an innovative approach to enhance existing health and community development initiatives
"Bringing us back to our origin": adapting and transferring an Indigenous Australian values-based leadership capacity-building course for community development in Papua New Guinea
No full textThe pilot delivery of an Indigenous Australian community development leadership training program was examined to determine its appropriateness and relevance for Papua New Guinea (PNG) public health leaders. The training program comprised two steps: the implementation of a values-based personal capacity-building process, which aimed to address the social and emotional well-being of individual participants; and delivery of selected topics of the program to participants' families, workplaces or community groups. Employing a constructivist grounded theory approach, the study found that participants "took ownership" of the two-step process, citing its benefit as "bringing us back to our origin". To ensure sustainability, the program was endorsed as a core requirement for PNG postgraduate public health programs and cross-institutional agreements were developed for further program delivery and support. The study is potentially useful for other researchers and program managers attempting cross-national translation of leadership development approaches and their sustainability
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