1,724,258 research outputs found
The Rise and Fall of Order 5281
Get PDFJustice William Wayne Justice, presiding over the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, entered a ruling that would come to be one of the most heavy-handed attacks on the segregation of public schools in Texas- often referred to as Civil Order 5281. The case was brought by the United States Department of Justice, who charged nine school districts in Eastern Texas with practicing de jure or de facto segregation. In his ruling, Justice Justice gave power to the Texas Education Agency to and punish those schools that are found to be in non-compliance. This ruling is often considered to be the killing blow for de jure segregation in Texas, but as the years have passed, it has lost its teeth for various reasons- culminating in a ruling in 2008 (by Justice Justice himself, ironically) that declared Civil Order 5281 could not apply to any schools other than those included in the original 1970 case
Abstract 5281: Regulation of tumor growth and angiogenesis by Wilms tumor 1(WT1)
No full textAbstract
Angiogenesis is required for the growth and metastasis of cancers. Although hypoxia is the major driver of angiogenesis, there is clear variation in angiogenesis between tumor types, and even between different tumors of the same histology, suggesting that there may be other factors that regulate tumor angiogenesis. One molecule that has been implicated in angiogenesis is a transcription factor known as WT1. WT1 was originally identified as a tumor suppressor gene, is overexpressed in tumors of varied origins including sarcomas, carcinomas, and leukemias, and high level WT1 expression often correlates with poor patient survival. The role of WT1 in tumorigenesis and the mechanism by which high WT1 expression confers a poor prognosis are both unclear. Here, we show that expression of WT1 promotes clonogenic growth in soft agar and a migratory phenotype in vitro. Tumors arising fromWT1-expressing SK-ES-1 (SKWT1A and SKWT1D) cells grew faster than control (SKNC), while tumors arising from WT1-silenced MHH-ES (MHshRNA) cells grew more slowly than control (MHNC). Because our laboratory and others have shown that WT1 regulates VEGF expression, we evaluated tumor vascularity using the endothelial cell marker CD31. Quantification of CD31 positive area in tumors grown from SKWT1A and SKWT1D showed 70 −80 % more staining compared to the controls. In contrast, CD31 expression is abolished in tumors arising from MHshRNA cells. Also, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis showed enhanced expression of WT1 in tumor sections correlates with increased expression of pro-angiogenic molecules such as VEGF, MMP9, angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and Tie2, further supporting our hypothesis that WT1 plays a major role in regulating tumor angiogenesis. Interestingly, MHHshRNA tumors exhibited decreased expression of VEGF, MMP9, Ang1, and Tie2 proteins when compared to the MHHNC tumors. To investigate the mechanism by which WT1 affects tumor growth and vascularity, we performed a gene expression profiling in SK-ES-1 cells expressing different isoforms of WT1. We identified a number of genes up- or downregulated by WT1, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9). Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that WT1 can regulate the activity of the MMP9 promoter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that WT1 can bind directly to the MMP9 promoter. Finally, IHC analysis of primary Ewing's sarcoma samples demonstrate that, as was seen in cell lines and xenografts, WT1, VEGF, CD31 and MMP9 expression levels in primary Ewing sarcoma tissues are correlated with each other. In summary, our data identifies MMP9 as a novel WT1 target gene and demonstrates the WT1 expression directly regulates tumor growth through an effect on angiogenesis and supports the notion that development of therapeutic strategies that target WT1 will provide effective treatment options for WT1-expressing tumors.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5281. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-528
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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