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ヨウシュヤマゴボウを用いた低濃度重金属汚染土壌の浄化と有価金属回収システムの構築
Get PDF近年、鉄鋼工場跡地や原料炭集積場での重金属による土壌汚染は、比較的低濃度であるために有効な浄化方法がなく、深刻な環境汚染問題となっている。本研究では、ヨウシュヤマゴボウが低濃度重金属を吸収・蓄積する能力を利用して重金属汚染土壌を浄化した後、水蒸気爆砕と抽出操作から成る環境保全型技術を用いてヨウシュヤマゴボウ中に蓄えられた有価金属を迅速かつ高効率で分離・回収するまでの一連のシステムの開発を試みた。草本中に蓄えられた有価金属を迅速かつ高効率で分離・回収するために鉄汚染土壌で生育させたヨウシュヤマゴボウを高温高圧水蒸気を用いた爆砕法によって処理し、水とメタノール抽出および硫酸処理によって水可溶性成分(ヘミセルロース成分)、メタノール可溶性成分(低分子リグニン成分)、硫酸可溶性成分(セルロース成分)、硫酸不溶性成分(高分子リグニン成分)に分離した。次に、各抽出成分中から鉄を分離・回収し、有価金属量を測定した結果、ヨウシュヤマゴボウの葉と茎の部分では主に水可溶成分、根の部分では主に水可溶成分と硫酸不溶性成分の中に鉄が含まれることがわかった。また、鉄をほとんど含まないメタノール可溶性成分は比較的均一性に富み、多量のフェノール性水酸基を含有する天然ポリマーなので、メタノール可溶性成分を原料として環境ホルモン作用を持たないエポキシ樹脂の合成を行った。さらに、鉄をほとんど含まない硫酸可溶性成分は主成分がグルコースであるので、酵母や乳酸菌を用いて迅速かつ高効率でアルコール、メタンや乳酸に変換する方法を確立した。研究課題/領域番号:16651036, 研究期間(年度):2004 – 2005出典：「ヨウシュヤマゴボウを用いた低濃度重金属汚染土壌の浄化と有価金属回収システムの構築」研究成果報告書 課題番号16651036
（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所））
（https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-16651036/)を加工して作成金沢大学理工研究域research repor
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Development of Total Utilization Method of Woody Waste by Green Technology
Get PDF近年、人間活動からの環境への排出を限りなくゼロに近づけ、かつ生産活動を持続可能とするために業種を越えた産業ネットワークによる物質循環を実現しようとするゼロエミッションの試みが行われているが、木質系廃棄物の資源化はゼロエミッションネットワークの要となる場合が多い。また、木質系廃棄物を無駄なく完全に有用物質あるいは製品に変換する技術は排ガス、排水、固形残渣物を発生しないので、人体や環境に優しい(悪影響を与えない)技術、すなわちグリーンテクノロジーとして非常に期待される。本研究では水蒸気爆砕と種々の変換操作から成るグリーンテクノロジーを用いて廃材、おがくず、樹皮などの木質系廃棄物を無駄なく完全に有用製品化するための環境調和型変換プロセスを開発した。能登空港建設用地などから大量に発生する木質系廃棄物であるカラマツやスギ等のチップを原料として木質系廃棄物の総合的有効利用のための新規メタン発酵プロセスの構築を試みた。リグノセルロース系原料を基質とする場合、メタンの生成源は木材中のホロセルロース(セルロースやヘミセルロース)であり、リグニンはメタン発酵されない。それゆえ、メタンを効率よく得るためには、ホロセルロースを覆っているリグニンを除去する必要がある。そこで脱リグニンのための前処理方法として水蒸気爆砕(水のみの使用なので後処理不要)を用い、リグニン除去のための効果的爆砕条件を決定した。さらに、除去されたリグニンもオゾン分解(オゾンは酸素に自己分解するので後処理不要)によって低分子有機酸に分解することにより、木質廃棄物中の全構成成分を基質とする新規メタン発酵プロセスを開発した。また、リグニンから環境ホルモン活性を示さないエポキシ樹脂を合成し、その物理的・化学的特性や安全性を評価した。Woody biomass is renewable resources that can be converted into useful materials and energy. The amount of carbon contained in woody waste annually occurred and emitted into environment in Japan is about 30-40% of carbon consumed to produce a variety of petrochemicals from oil. The development of industrial technique for converting a raw material into useful materials and products completely without generating pollutants such as waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste materials is expected significantly for the global environmental protection on the base of zero emission. The holocellulose, i.e. cellulose and hemicellulose, in woody waste such as wood chips, baggase, bamboo, bark, and sweet sorghum are natural organic resources utilizable for the production of sugars. However, the holocellulose are with difficulty converted into sugars by direct biological means in a native state because a lignin network covers the holocellulose layers in the cell walls. Various different physical, chemical and biological pretreat-ments have been attempted to degrade the lignin in the biomass or to remove it from the holocellulose surface. In recent years, a steam explosion that consists of steam hydrolysis with a high temperature and pressure and a mechanical treatment of the hydrolyzed product with a sudden reduction of the pressure, has been attractive as an effective pretreatment for depolymelizing the lignin in woody biomass. In this work, the treatment and conversion system of plant biomass waste into useful materials was developed for zero emissions by using steam explosion and various conversion methods. This system was a significant conversion approach without generating pollutants, i.e. waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste materials. The conversion of woody wastes into useful materials was studied for the effective utilization of its components such as holocellulose, water-soluble material, methanol-soluble lignin, and Klason lignin. The holocellulose, water-soluble material, methanol-soluble lignin, and Klason lignin were converted into useful materials, i.e. lactic acid or antibacterial violet pigment and methane gas, monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, epoxy resin without an estrogenic activity, and activated carbon, respectively. The amounts of useful materials and products produced from each component were estimated, and the reduction of pollutants generated in their production process and waste treatment, and the detoxification of the lignin resin were confirmed.研究課題/領域番号:15360483, 研究期間(年度):2003 – 2004出典：「グリーンテクノロジーを用いた木質系廃棄物の総合的有効利用法の開発」研究成果報告書 課題番号15360483
（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所））
（https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/report/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15360483/153604832004kenkyu_seika_hokoku_gaiyo/)を加工して作成金沢大学自然科学研究科research repor
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Study on Isolation and Biochemical Examination of Psychrotrophic Bacterium for Large Scale Production of Antimicrobial Violet Pigment
Get PDF世界中で生産されているすべての食料の約20%は微生物による腐敗作用のために廃棄されており、多くの人々が腐敗食料の摂取のために健康を損ねてきた。新鮮かつ安全な食料が微生物によって汚染されずに消費者に供給されることは、将来の食料不足の対策のために重要な課題の一つである。著者らは天然抗菌剤を生産する微生物のスクリーニングを行い、ニジマスの腸内から分離した低温細菌RT102株がある種の微生物に対して抗菌作用をもつ紫色素を生産することを見出した。16S rDNA塩基配列の相同性および遺伝的距離の解析より、低温細菌RT102株はJanthinobacterium lividumに属する新種の菌であることが判明した。^1H、^C-NMRとFT-MSスペクトルを用いた紫色素の化学構造の分析の結果、紫色素はビオラセインとデオキシビオラセインの混合物であることがわかった。紫色素の抗菌活性はBacillus subtilis、Bacillus megaterium、Staphylococcus aureusとPseudomonas aeruginosaなどの腐敗細菌に対して確認された。腐敗細菌に及ぼす紫色素の増殖阻害と死滅の影響が紫色素の濃度を5〜20mg/lの範囲で増加させることによって明らかにされた。高濃度(15mg/l)以上の紫色素は腐敗細菌の増殖阻害だけでなく、死滅を引き起こしたので、紫色素の食品防腐剤としての利用が示唆された。今後の研究は低温細菌の紫色素を合成する代謝経路を明らかにすることと、紫色素を大量生産するための培養装置と操作方法を確立することである。About 20 % of all foodstuffs produced in the world are wasted because of septic action by microorganisms and many people have experienced bad health effects due to the ingestion of septic food. Since many microorganisms have been reported as putrefactive and pathogenic bacteria, which cause the septic action of food, the prevention of bacteria contamination in food storage is one of the most important factors for supplying safe and healthy food to the consumer. The authors have screened a psychrotrophic bacterium, RT102 strain, which synthesized an antimicrobial violet pigment, from the intestine of a rainbow trout and found out that the violet pigment shows an antimicrobial action for some species of microorganisms. The chemical structure and antimicrobial activity of violet pigment produced by the psychrotrophic bacterium isolated from the intestine of a rainbow trout were investigated experimentally. The psychrotrophic bacterium was found to be a new species belonging to the genus Janthinobacterium lividum. ィイD11ィエD1H, ィイD113ィエD1C-NMR, and FT-MS spectra analyses results showed that the chemical structure of violet pigment was a mixture of vioracein and deoxyvioracein. The antimicrobial activity of violet pigment was confirmed for putrefactive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The growth inhibitory and lethal effects of violet pigment on the putrefactive bacteria were evaluated by increasing the concentration of violet pigment, ranging from 5 to 20 mg/1. It was found that higher concentrations of violet pigment caused not only growth inhibition but also the death of the putrefactive bacteria.研究課題/領域番号:10650690, 研究期間(年度):1998 – 1999出典：「抗菌性紫色素生産のための低温箘の分離と生化学的検討に基づく工業化の研究」研究成果報告書 課題番号10650690
（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所））
（https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/report/KAKENHI-PROJECT-10650780/106507801999kenkyu_seika_hokoku_gaiyo/）を加工して作成金沢大学工学部research repor
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