1,722,056 research outputs found
TestShark: A Passive Conformance Testing System for ISO 15118 Using Wireshark
No full textISO 15118 is an international standard for charging communication between electric vehicles and charging infrastructure. Among the series of ISO 15118, ISO 15118-4, ISO 15118-5, ISO 15118-9, and ISO 15118-21 (under development) define active conformance testing methodologies where the test system engages with the system under test as a primary actor and tests whether the counterparty is complying with the standard. However, such a full-fledged test system is not appropriate during system development and field testing. In this paper, a passive conformance testing approach that monitors the packets between the electric vehicle and the charger and performs conformance testing against the requirements of ISO 15118 is proposed. This novel approach exhibits practicality yet comprehensive testing capability for field testing because of its passive access to the packets with deep analysis for the conformance. TestShark, a modified packet analysis tool, showed that the passive conformance testing system can help developers and operators analyze problems in charging communication and assess the quality of implementation with respect to ISO 15118
Secure Multi-User Contract Certificate Management for ISO 15118-20 Using Hardware Identities
No full textIn recent years, traditional mobility concepts have been increasingly transformed in favor of electric mobility and vehicle sharing concepts to combat pollutant emissions and inner-city traffic congestion. While the electric charging standard ISO 15118 with its Plug&Charge (PnC) concept eases the user experience by handling the complex billing process automatically during the charging, it is currently not suitable to the new multi-user mobility concepts since it does not define how to handle charging identities for multiple users per vehicle. With the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 already part of the current ISO 15118-20 standard, we propose a new secure and standard-compliant multi-user contract certificate management system for ISO 15118-20 that utilizes the TPM in the vehicle as hardware trust anchor to handle multiple vehicle users. Our concept has little overhead to the current standard and introduces secure TPM-based multifactor authentication into ISO 15118-20, while maintaining the convenience benefits of PnC
High precision Al-Mg dating of NWA 15118 challenges a primary anorthositic crust on Vesta
No full textA lunar-like magma ocean model has been proposed for the asteroid 4 Vesta, where a global primary anorthositic crust formed from buoyant plagioclase floating above complementary diogenitic cumulates. In this hypothesis, the crystallization of the anorthosite should predate the formation of eucrites that are thought to reflect secondary magmatism at the surface of Vesta. To test this model, we present the first26Al-26Mg age of the anorthosite Northwest Africa (NWA) 15118. The NWA 15118 yields a model26Al-26Mg age younger than 4.35 ± 0.03 Myr after CAIs formation. However, eucritic crust formation initiated at ∼2.88 Myr after CAIs, and predating NWA 15118 by over 1.5 Myr, contradicting the proposed global primary anorthositic crust of Vesta formed from a magma ocean. Instead, anorthosite NWA 15118 more plausibly represents a fragment of regional crust formed after the primary crustal differentiation of Vesta, potentially related to late stage basaltic eucrites with negative Eu anomalies or derived from a chemically distinct source.</p
Roadmap zur Implementierung der ISO 15118: Standardisierte Kommunikation zwischen Fahrzeug und Ladepunkt: Arbeitsgruppe 5: Verknüpfung der Verkehrs- und Energienetze, Sektorkopplung: Arbeitsgruppe 6: Standardisierung, Normung, Zertifizierung und Typgenehmigung
No full textDie ISO 15118 ist eine Normenreihe, die neben der Basiskommunikation zwischen Elektrofahrzeug und Ladepunkt zentrale Mehrwertfunktionen für die Elektromobilitätsnutzerinnen und -nutzer rund um das Laden wie Plug & Charge(PnC), Energiemanagement und perspektivisch einen Vehicle-2-Grid(V2G)-Energiefluss ermöglicht beziehungsweise ermöglichen wird. Die Herausforderungen bei der Implementierung und Nutzung der ISO 15118 bestehen vor allem darin, dass a) diese in mehreren Versionen vorliegt beziehungsweise entwickelt wird (für die in diesem Bericht diskutierten Anwendungsfälle sind dies insbesondere ISO 15118-2, ISO 15118-20); b) insbesondere für die Funktionen Plug & Charge und Vehicle-2-Grid zusätzlich zur ISO 15118 weitere Bausteine im Ökosystem Elektromobilität zu entwickeln sind; c) die Nutzung der ISO 15118 durch mehrere Marktrollen ermöglicht wird und es dafür noch keine generell etablierten Marktprozesse gibt. Mit Blick auf die aktuelle Entwicklung lässt sich festhalten, dass die Marktteilnehmer die Entwicklung der ISO 15118 eng begleiten und dabei unterschiedliche Implementierungsziele verfolgen. So werden teilweise über verschiedeneVersionen der ISO 15118 variierend für Gleich- (DC) und/oder Wechselstrom (AC) unterschiedliche Funktionsbausteine implementiert (vor allem Plug & Charge, teilweise Vehicle-2-Grid). Entsprechend lässt sich festhalten, dass die Implementierung der ISO 15118 im Wettbewerb der Marktteilnehmer untereinander verfolgt wird und zur Differenzierung ihrer Produkte und Dienstleistungen verwendet wird. Angesichts der Komplexität der Implementierung der ISO15118-Funktionen inklusive der dazugehörigen Infrastruktur und Systeme und der Vielzahl der dabei involvierten Marktrollen zielt dieser Bericht darauf ab, einen aktuellen Sachstand zur ISO 15118 bereitzustellen und auf dieser Basis flankierende Handlungsbedarfe herauszuarbeiten.
Er stellt darüber hinaus die aktuelle Marktentwicklung sowie die Anforderungen zur Sicherstellung der Nutzung der PnC- und V2G-Funktionen durch die Nutzerinnen und Nutzer und die Marktteilnehmer dar.:Management Summary (Deutsch)
Managment Summary (English)
Einleitung
2 Technischer Sachstand: Die ISO 15118 und erforderliche Anpassungen für ihre Implementierung
2.1 Stand der ISO 15118
2.2 Erforderliche Anpassungen zur Nutzung der Funktionalität Plug & Charge
2.3 Erforderliche Anpassungen zur Nutzung der Funktionalität Vehicle-2-Grid
2.4 Zwischenfazit Normungsarbeit – Status und Ausblick
3 Darstellung der aktuellen Marktentwicklung
4 Anforderungen zur Sicherstellung einer fairen wettbewerblichen Nutzung der ISO15118-Funktionen PNC und V2G
4.1 Nutzung der Public-Key-Infrastruktur
4.2 Freie Nutzung der implementierten Plug&Charge-Funktion
4.3 Einfacher Wechsel zwischen beziehungsweise Hinterlegen von Ladestromverträgen
4.4 Möglichkeit zur Vermarktung von Flexibilitäten
4.5 Bereitstellung von Informationen zu neuen Mehrwertdiensten für Fahrzeugnutzerinnen und -nutzer
5 Zusammenfassung und Empfehlungen
AnhangISO 15118 is a group of standards which facilitates or will facilitate not only the basic communication between electric vehicle and charge point, but also important added-value, charging-related features for e-mobility users: Plug & Charge (PnC), energy management and in future, electricity flows Vehicle-2-Grid (V2G). These are the main challenges in implementing and using ISO 15118: a) The standard exists/is being developed in several versions (the relevant versions for the applications discussed in this report are ISO 15118-2, ISO 15118-20); b) In addition to ISO 15118, further building blocks need to be developed within the electromobility ecosystem, especially with regard to Plug & Charge and Vehicle-2-Grid; c) The application of ISO 15118 is enabled by several market roles, and there are so far no generally established market processes. With regard to recent developments, market players are closely following the drafting of ISO 15118 and have different implementation goals in mind. Via the various versions of ISO 15118, different features are implemented for DC and/or AC (esp. Plug & Charge, and to a lesser degree Vehicle-2-Grid). All in all, the implementation of ISO 15118 is closely monitored by competing market players who use it to differentiate their products and services. In light of the complexity of the implementation of the features of ISO 15118 including the associated infrastructure and systems and the multitude of market roles involved, this report aims at providing a status quo on ISO 15118 and at giving recommendations for action accordingly. It also highlights the current market development as well as requirements to ensure acceptance of the PnC and V2G features amongst users and market players.:Management Summary (Deutsch)
Managment Summary (English)
Einleitung
2 Technischer Sachstand: Die ISO 15118 und erforderliche Anpassungen für ihre Implementierung
2.1 Stand der ISO 15118
2.2 Erforderliche Anpassungen zur Nutzung der Funktionalität Plug & Charge
2.3 Erforderliche Anpassungen zur Nutzung der Funktionalität Vehicle-2-Grid
2.4 Zwischenfazit Normungsarbeit – Status und Ausblick
3 Darstellung der aktuellen Marktentwicklung
4 Anforderungen zur Sicherstellung einer fairen wettbewerblichen Nutzung der ISO15118-Funktionen PNC und V2G
4.1 Nutzung der Public-Key-Infrastruktur
4.2 Freie Nutzung der implementierten Plug&Charge-Funktion
4.3 Einfacher Wechsel zwischen beziehungsweise Hinterlegen von Ladestromverträgen
4.4 Möglichkeit zur Vermarktung von Flexibilitäten
4.5 Bereitstellung von Informationen zu neuen Mehrwertdiensten für Fahrzeugnutzerinnen und -nutzer
5 Zusammenfassung und Empfehlungen
Anhan
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Evaluation and development of the bridging application between ISO 15118 and OCPP 2.0.1 protocols
Get PDFThe increase in the number of electric vehicles(EVs) has undoubtedly put stress on the local power grid because these systems were designed without anticipating the charging needs of electric vehicles. To overcome this problem, Smart Charging is introduced to allow the Charging Stations Management System(CSMS) to load-balance the charging needs of the electric vehicles during peak hours. In addition, it allows the EVs to return their energy to the system when needed. Smart Charging uses the de facto standards ISO 15118 and OCPP to enable the CSMS to control the charging profiles of the EVs. Since these protocols are specified by different organizations, their compatibility must be analyzed to ensure their interoperability.
In the first part, this thesis aims to apply a theoretical analysis method to analyze the compatibility between ISO 15118 and OCPP. This method uses the Symbolic Transition System to model the interactions between the protocols. Then, the state transitions and message exchanges of the models are analyzed using the flooding algorithm. The result of this analysis is a compatibility matrix, which illustrates the degrees of compatibility between the states of the protocols. Based on the results, this thesis concludes that ISO 15118 and OCPP are compatible. However, their compatibility is not perfect because of
data type incompatibility between messages. The reason is that ISO 15118 uses domain data types for its parameters, while OCPP uses generic data types to increase its interoperability with other protocols.
The second part of this thesis describes the concept and design of the application to bridge the communication between ISO 15118 and OCPP. The application also demonstrates how to overcome the problems found in the compatibility analysis using facade patterns. In addition, the development of the bridging application highlights several issues that have arisen in practice. The first issue is, due to the large memory footprint of the messages, the OCPP stack is not suitable for running on small embedded systems without extreme optimization. Second, using JSON, a human-readable format, to encode the OCPP messages is unnecessary because most of the messages are processed by machines. In addition, the OCPP application is highly complex due to the nested conditions involved in sending and receiving OCPP messages. Finally, both the JSON and EXI data formats require serializers (parsers) to encode (decode) the messages, adding to the complexity of the system
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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