1,721,526 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Evaluation of Hydrolysis of Chicken Feather with Raw Enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 14353 and Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 11594
No full text壹、中文摘要
羽毛含90 %以上之角蛋白，而角蛋白因為含硫胺基酸與α螺旋之間複雜的交叉鍵結，使其結構間的鍵結相當穩固，不易為一般蛋白質水解酵素所破壞。本試驗利用Bacillus. licheniformis CCRC 14353和Bacillus. licheniformis CCRC 11594為試驗菌株，測試此二菌株之生長特性並進一步利用其分泌之粗酵素進行羽毛水解試驗，以評估其利用性。
實驗結果顯示在生長特性方面：B. licheniformis CCRC 14353和 B. licheniformis CCRC 11594之菌數於培養的第96小時達最高量，分別為8.94和9.06 log CFU / mL，隨後開始下降，而其酵素活性則隨著菌體的生長而上升，尤其在培養後第132小時達最佳酵素活性，兩者分別為2.14和1.74 unit / mL。培養後第24小時兩者之溶液pH值皆有些微下降之現象，培養至第96小時期間，pH隨培養時間的增加而上升，而培養150小時後其溶液pH分別為pH 7.21和7.29。SDS-PAGE顯示，兩者之粗酵素在30 kDa及31 kDa處有蛋白質之環帶。
CCRC 14353酵素活性之最適pH為pH 7及pH 11，分別為30.59及30.48 unit / g protein；而CCRC 11594之最適pH亦為pH 7及pH 11，酵素活性分別為45.3及42.9 unit / g protein。CCRC 14353酵素最適活性溫度為70℃，為35.12 unit / g protein；而CCRC 11594粗酵素之最適溫度60℃，為65.71 unit / g protein；CCRC 14353酵素對溫度之敏感度較CCRC 11594者為低。
CCRC 143534及CCRC 11594之粗酵素對羽毛水解144小時後，其溶液中之總氮含量皆有顯著的增加；CCRC 11594水解羽毛後之溶液中總氮量較CCRC 14353高；預先經高溫高壓處理之羽毛，水解效果較未處理者佳；pH 11對經高溫高壓處理之1 %羽毛水解效果具有更大之助益。CCRC 143534及CCRC 1159之粗酵素於pH 7溶液中水解羽毛，其溶液pH僅在水解後第24小時呈下降現象，之後隨著時間增加而上升，而於pH 11中作用時，則是隨水解時間的增加，而有下降之現象，但仍保持在鹼性狀態；而經高溫高壓處理過之組別在相同初始pH作用環境水解144小時過程中，其溶液中之pH值皆較未經處理組別之pH值高。兩者之粗酵素於pH 11中水解羽毛144小時之羽毛損失重量皆較pH 7者為高；經高溫高壓處理之羽毛於水解期間之損失重量較未經處理者高，且以1 %組別之羽毛損失重量最為明顯；CCRC 11594處理組別之羽毛損失重量較CCRC 14353者高。
羽毛表面在經過粗酵素分解處理後，皆較處理前有顯著被破壞之現象，尤以預先經高溫高壓處理之羽毛較易為酵素所分解，且以CCRC 11594之效果較CCRC 14353者佳。高溫高壓處理之羽毛經CCRC 14353及CCRC 11594粗酵素水解後，其外觀已看不到羽毛完整的結構，且羽毛溶液的濁度亦明顯升高。捌、英文摘要
The Evaluation of Hydrolysis of Chicken Feather with Raw Enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 14353 and Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 11594
Ting-Rou Chen
Abstract
Feathers composed of over 90% protein, the main component being keratin, a α-helix and the sulfide amino acid highly cross-linked interaction results in mechanical stability and resistance to proteolyses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of enzymes from Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 14353 and Bacillus licheniformis CCRC 11594 for hydrolyses of chicken feather.
The results were as the following : the CFU of B. licheniformis CCRC 14353 and B. licheniformis CCRC 11594 reached the maximum value (8.94 and 9.06 log CFU/mL) for 96 hrs of incubation, respectively. The enzyme activity of the bacteria strains increased with increasing of growth curve, and reached the maximum values which were 1.74 and 2.14 unit/mL for 132 hrs of incubation, respectively. The pH of two bacteria strains were slightly decreased when incubated for 24 hrs, but rose later until incubated for 150 hrs, the pH were 7.21 and 7.29 when determined at the end time in this research, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis of the raw enzyme from the two bacteria strains revealed that the 30 kDa and 31 kDa protein can be detected. The optimum pH of enzyme activity of CCRC 14353 was pH 7 and pH 11, and the enzyme activity was 30.59 and 30.48 units/g protein, respectively; The optimum pH of enzyme activity of CCRC 11594 was pH 7 and pH 11, and the enzyme activity was 45.3 and 42.9 units/g protein, respectively. The optimum temperatures of enzyme activity of CCRC 14353 and CCRC 11594 were 70 and 60℃, and the enzyme activity was 35.12 and 65.71 units/g protein, individually.
After the raw enzymes of CCRC 143534 and CCRC 11594 hydrolyzed chicken feather for 144 hrs, the total nitrogen content was significantly increased in solution when compared to the initial （0 hr）; as well as the total nitrogen content of CCRC 11594 was higher than that of CCRC 14353. The hydrolyzing efficiency of chicken feather treated by high temperature and high pressure was higher than the control. The raw enzymes of CCRC 143534 and CCRC 11594 were used to hydrolyze chicken feather in pH 7 solution, the pH were decreased after hydrolyzing for 24 hrs, and then increased with time. However, the pH of the same treatments in pH 11 solution was decreased with time, and maintained an alkalinity condition during hydrolysis. The loss percentage of chicken feather treated by both raw enzymes in pH 11 solution for 144 hrs were higher than those in pH 7 solution. The loss percentage of chicken feather treated by high temperature and high pressure was higher than the samples without treatment, especially in 1 % feather lot; The loss percentage of chicken feather by raw enzyme of CCRC 11594 was significantly more than that of CCRC 14353. In SEM observation, some chicks and broken particles were found on the surface of chicken feather barbs treated by raw enzymes from the two bacteria strains. Moreover, a distinctly more checks and broken particles were observed when chicken feather per treated by high temperature and pressure then treated by raw enzymes from the two bacteria strains. The appearance of chicken feathers were broken down and resulted in a high turbidity solution when they were treated by raw enzymes from the two bacteria strains for 144 hrs.
Overall, conclusion chicken feather treated by raw enzymes from CCRC 11594 had better hydrolysis efficiency than CCRC 14353. On the other hand, a synergism was found when chicken feather per-treated by high temperature and pressure then treated by raw enzymes.目錄 頁次
壹、中文摘要……..………………………………………………………1
貳、前言……………………………………………………………………3
參、文獻檢討………………………………………………………………5
一、羽毛與角蛋白之結構及特性…………………………………………5
(一）羽毛的結構…………………………………………………………5
(二）角蛋白的結構與特性………………………………………………9
二、角蛋白酶之介紹………………………………………………………12
(一）鹼性蛋白酶之一般特性……………………………………………13
1.最適pH及溫度……………………………………………………………13
2.分子量……………………………………………………………………13
3.金屬離子及抑制劑………………………………………………………13
4.基質特異性………………………………………………………………13
(二)蛋白酶之應用…………………………………………………………15
1清潔劑………………………………………………………………………15
2.製革業……………………………………………………………………16
3.銀回收……………………………………………………………………16
4.醫藥界……………………………………………………………………17
5.食品業……………………………………………………………………17
6.廢棄物處理………………………………………………………………18
7.其他………………………………………………………………………19
三、微生物對角蛋白的降解………………………………………………20
(一）角蛋白降解後之營養價值…………………………………………20
（二）微生物對角蛋白降解之理論………………………………………20
1.角蛋白結構之破壞………………………………………………………20
2.角蛋白雙硫鍵的裂解……………………………………………………22
四、角蛋白酶之應用………………………………………………………23
五、Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1對雞毛分解之研究………………28
六、羽毛之處理及應用……………………………………………………30
肆、材料與方法……………………………………………………………38
一、試驗材料………………………………………………………………38
二、試驗方法………………………………………………………………40
(一) B. licheniformis CCRC 14353及B. licheniformis
CCRC 11594之生長特性分析………………………………………………40
（1）總生菌數之測定……….……………………………………………40
（2）pH值測定……………..………………………………………………41
（3）蛋白酶活性之測定……….…………………………………………41
（4）SDS-PAGE電泳分析…..………………………………………………43
（二）B. licheniformis CCRC 14353及B. licheniformis
CCRC 11594粗酵素對羽毛水解效果之評估………………………………46
（1）總氮含量………………………………………………………………46
（2）羽毛損失重量百分比…………………………………………………48
（3）羽毛之顯微構造………………………………………………………48
三、統計分析………………………………………………………………48
伍、結果與討論……………………………………………………………49
一、B. licheniformis CCRC 14353及B. licheniformis
CCRC 11594培養期間之生長特性…………………………………………49
(一）培養期間微生物生長曲線……………………………………………49
（二）培養期間酵素活性之變化…………………………………………49
（三）培養期間溶液pH值之變化…………………………………………51
（四）粗酵素液之SDS-PAGE分析…………………………………………54
二、B. licheniformis CCRC 14353及B. licheniformis
CCRC 11594粗酵素活性之最佳pH及溫度條件……………………………56
（一）最適作用pH…………………………………………………………56
（二）最適作用溫度………………………………………………………57
三、B. licheniformis CCRC 14353及B. licheniformis
CCRC 11594粗酵素對羽毛水解效果之評估………………………………62
（一）分解液中總氮量……………………………………………………62
（二）溶液pH變化…………………………………………………………69
（三）羽毛損失重量百分…………………………………………………76
（四）羽毛水解後顯微構造之分析………………………………………83
（五）水解後之外觀變化…………………………………………………86
陸、結論……………………………………………………………………87
柒、參考文獻………………………………………………………………90
捌、英文摘要………………………………………………………………10
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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