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La lontra eurasiatica (Lutra lutra) in centro-Italia : metodi non invasivi per accertare lo status e per la conservazione di una popolazione minacciata
No full textThe Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is a semi-aquatic mustelid of high conservation concern in Europe and especially
in Italy where is still considered Critically Endangered (CR). During the last Century, the species suffered
a hard decline all over its range and it went extinct in northern and central Italy until the beginning of XXIst
Century, when a remnant population was found in central Italy (Molise region). The Italian otter population
is geographically and genetically isolated from the other European populations and, to date, consists of two
major nuclei in south and south-central peninsula. Despite the high risk of extinction, data on the biology
and ecology of the Italian otter population are scanty and fragmented. The results of this PhD research project
provided new insights on population density, scent-marking behaviour and individual spatial distribution. We
applied non-invasive methods, in particular trapping techniques and non-invasive genetic sampling (NGS) to
gather data, considering the Eurasian otters high conservation concern, elusiveness and rarity. Both camera
trapping and NGS, commonly used in wildlife research, presented some specific issues when applied to otters.
Detection problems arose when trying to record otters with camera traps at marking sites along the watercourses.
We hypothesized that the temperature difference between the otter body and the environment was too
low to be detected by standard infrared sensors (PIR) so we designed and tested a pressure trigger to activate
cameras. The device resulted effective in detecting animals and recording both photos and videos of wild otters
at marking sites. Data obtained by remote cameras confirmed the nocturnal habits of the species in the study
area.
Non-invasive genetics is a powerful tool in wildlife research and monitoring, nevertheless otter DNA obtained
from scats (spraints) and anal secretions (jellies) is exposed to very quick degradation processes, and success
rate in DNA amplification is much lower than in other carnivores. We collected 235 samples along the river
Sangro and its main tributaries (central Italy). Using two sets of microsatellite loci (Set 1: six Lut loci and Set 2:
seven OT loci) we investigated the influence of sample freshness and type on genotyping success. We also tested
efficacy of different DNA extraction kits and storage buffer solutions in order to optimize future analyses.
We finally compared amplification success rate, allelic dropout (ADO) and false alleles (FA) rates in the two
STR loci sets.
Genetic data permitted us to identify at least 14 otters in the study area, 4 females, 8 males and two individuals
of uncertain molecular sexing. Geographical coordinates of individual genetic captures were used to infer the
spatial distribution and social structure along the river Sangro. Genotypes were finally analysed to highlight
relatedness. We assessed the presence of four familiar groups with large spatial overlap among individuals. This
aspect have to be further investigated because may suggests a more complex social system
Analisi delle comunità vegetali delle dune costiere Italiane nell’ambito della Rete Natura 2000
No full textBy occupying a transition zone between terrestrial and marine ecosystems,
coastal dunes are one of the most ecologically relevant ecosystems on earth.
One of the main characteristics of coastal dunes is the spatial variability of
the plant communities due to a strong environmental heterogeneity. This
allows the coexistence of different plant communities in relatively small
spaces and determines the typical sea-inland vegetation zonation. At
present, dune environments are considered to be threatened worldwide.
Coastal dune management and conservation have become critical issues,
representing a priority for many European countries. In Italy coastal sand
dunes and inland dunes are considered in a bad or unsuitable conservation
state with relation to urbanization and other human pressures. Thus, dune
habitats (as defined by the European Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC) require
special attention and conservation actions, especially in the light of
predicted global changes.
In this thesis I analysed the current knowledge of Italian dunes vegetation
by setting up a national coastal database; I focused on dune habitats
diversity and geographical distribution at the national level; I used this large
amount of data to forecast future distribution of dune habitats under climate
change scenarios and to evaluate the current and projected effectiveness of
the protected areas network.
I conducted a detailed research on the Italian phytosociological
information putting together different accessible sources regarding Italian
coastal dunes vegetation. I also conducted a field campaign adding original
phytosociological plots in areas with scarce vegetation information, in order
to complete the national coastal database as far as possible.
Phytosociological plots (relevés) were georeferenced and assigned to a
habitat type following the guide-lines of the Interpretation Manuals of the
Habitats Directive. I collected 2.806 relevés (both published and
unpublished) distributed in 13 coastal habitats, and stored them using the
database software Turboveg. The oldest plot in the database is dated 1967,
whereas the newest is dated 2011, although most of the data comes from the
1980’s till present. The most part of the relevés has a medium-high
geographical accuracy and, to avoid small position errors, I transferred the
relevés on a coastal UTM grid (10 km x 10 km) for further analysis.
Embryo dune, mobile dune and transition dune habitats had the highest
number of records in the database, followed by beach and fixed dune
habitats. The Crucianellion maritimae fixed beach dunes and the
Malcomietalia dune grasslands habitats were characterised by the highest
number of species and phytosociological associations, most of them
endemic of few regions (in particular Sardinia, Sicily, Calabria, Basilicata
and Tuscany). Regarding dune habitats’ geographical distribution, those
close to the sea were widespread along the Italian sandy coasts, while fixed
and inland dune habitats showed a more restricted spatial distribution. There
is a wide variety of psammophilous plant communities along the Italian
coasts linked to the variability of bioclimatic and phytogeographic features.
A particularly high number of relevés and habitat types were found in
central Italy and also the insular areas were characterised by high species
richness and by endemic and rare associations. In addition, on the northern
Adriatic coast there was a rare, priority habitat (Fixed coastal dunes with
herbaceous vegetation – Grey dunes) with a high species richness and a
restricted geographic distribution.
For the most representative dune habitats at national level I developed
habitat distribution models to forecast the response of sandy dunes to
climate change over the next 50 years. I took a community-level strategy by
adopting two complementary modelling approaches: indirect (speciesbased)
and direct (habitat-based). In the indirect approach I modelled
individual plant species distributions as a function of the environmental
predictors. Then, for each habitat, I used the predicted occurrences of its
diagnostic species as explanatory variables in the models to predict habitat
distribution both in the current projections and in the future scenarios. I
compared this indirect approach with a straightforward direct one, using the
current distribution of the habitat itself to model its present and future
distribution based on the environmental predictors.
Using the R-based package BIOMOD, I performed all the projections
combining in an ensemble forecast eight different and widely used nichebased
modelling techniques. As explanatory variables I selected six noncorrelated
bioclimatic variables and three land use and morphosedimentological
variables. I focused on two IPCC emission scenarios (A2 -
high emissions- and B2 -intermediate emissions-) for the year 2050 in order
to explore possible changes in an intermediate time range.
Predictive performance, as assessed by TSS (True Skill Statistic), was
particularly good in the indirect models, while the evaluation of direct
models revealed that this is a less reliable approach for coastal dune
habitats. There were no significant differences between the two future
scenarios (A2 and B2) that showed pretty much the same percentage of
increase/decrease of coastal habitats for the year 2050. The results showed
that habitats closer to the sea (beach and embryo dune) could increase their
geographical distribution in the near future even by more than 40%. On the
contrary, mobile dune and fixed dunes habitats were projected to lose most
of their current geographical distribution (more than 75%), while the
transition dune habitat was projected to remain stable.
Finally, I performed a comprehensive gap analysis based on the modelled
habitat distributions (current and future predictions of the indirect models)
and the Italian conservation areas network, in order to evaluate its present
and future efficacy. The current protected areas network was fairly effective
in preserving coastal dune habitats as most of them were well represented in
the protected areas. Only the priority fixed dune habitat with Juniperus spp.
failed to reach the conservation target (minimum number of grid cells
where each habitat occurred overlapping with protected areas), thus being,
at present, less protected than other habitats. However, in the two future
scenarios the distribution range reduction of mobile and fixed dune habitats
due to climate change could lead to a decrease in the future efficacy of
protected areas.
In conclusion, the information derived from the database gives an
excellent account of the diversity of Italian coastal dune habitat types, and
thereby it constitutes an important tool for nature conservation. As it is
highly probable that human development and recreational activities along
coasts will continue to be intense, an appropriate management of wellpreserved
dune systems, paired with the restoration of the more damaged
ones, is urgently needed to guarantee their conservation for the future
generations. Furthermore our results call for adaptive and flexible
management of protected areas in face of habitat distribution shifts linked to
predicted climate change
Risposta al danno al DNA in cellule muscolari terminalmente differenziate
No full textMouse post-mitotic muscle cells accumulate single strand breaks (SSB) after oxidative and alkylation DNA damage but they are resistant to their killing effects. We demonstrate that, upon SSB induction, H2AX phosphorylation occurs in myotubes and is largely ATM-dependent. However, DNA damage signalling cascade downstream of ATM is defective as shown by lack of p53 increase and phosphorylation. The stabilization of p53 by nutlin-3 was ineffective in activating the cell death pathway indicating that the resistance to SSB inducers is due to defective p53 downstream signalling. Conversely, doxorubicin and menadione were able to activate p53 and to kill myotubes. We show that cell killing is p53-dependent although a restriction of p53 activated genes was observed. To gain insights into the cell death pathways active in post-mitotic muscle cells experiments were carried out to characterise autophagy as a cellular stress response. Autophagy was activated during muscle differentiation both in wild type and p53 null cells and it was independent of mTOR inactivation. Whether autophagy is implicated as a pro-survival mechanism in the resistance of post-mitotic cells to different genotoxic insults is currently under investigation
Identificazione di composti inibitori della virulenza in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
No full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common Gram-negative bacterium
responsible for hospital-acquired infections and is a serious threat to
immune compromised individuals. P. aeruginosa infections are difficult to
eradicate because this pathogen is resistant to conventional antibiotic
therapies. Resistance to antibiotics is mainly due to the ability of this
microorganism to form biofilm and to express efflux pumps that reduce the
intracellular concentration of the drug.
Targeting the bacterial pathogenic potential rather than bacterial growth
has the advantage of reducing the bacterial adaptability to the host
environment and the severity of the infection without creating the selective
pressure generally caused by conventional antibiotics. The use of virulence
inhibitors could ultimately provide the host immune system with a better
chance of clearing the infection.
The overall rationale and aim of this project has been to pave the way
for the development of innovative anti-virulence therapies specifically
targeting P. aeruginosa.
The objective of the study described in Chapter 3 has been the
identification of compounds inhibiting P. aeruginosa quorum sensing (QS),
a cell-cell communication process playing a key role in the expression of
virulence factors and biofilm development.
It is well known that searching for new side activities in drugs which use
in humans has already been approved is an intelligent strategy for the
development of novel drugs. This strategy is expected to reduce the time
and cost associated with standard drug discovery processes.
About thousand compounds already used as drugs in humans were
screened for their anti-QS activity, using a biosensor developed in our
laboratory. Seven compounds with anti-QS activity were identified; the
most effective drug was the anthelmintic drug niclosamide.
Microarray analysis showed that niclosamide (at 20 μM) affects the
transcription of 258 genes, with a high degree of target specificity towards
the QS-dependent genes. 69 genes were up-regulated and 189 genes were
down-regulated, 121 of the latter group were previously included within the
QS regulon. Phenotypic assays demonstrated that niclosamide suppresses
surface motility, production of secreted virulence factors (elastase,
pyocyanin and rhamnolipids) and reduces biofilm formation. In accordance
with the strong anti-virulence activity disclosed in vitro, niclosamide prevented P. aeruginosa pathogenicity in the Galleria mellonella insect
model of acute infection.
To our knowledge, this is the first study in which a drug-repurposing
strategy has been applied to the development of P. aeruginosa antivirulence
drugs. Besides the finding that niclosamide, an FDA-approved
drug has a promising anti-virulence activity against one of the most
antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, this work provides a proof of
concept that a lateral anti-QS activity can be detected among drugs already
used in humans, validating a new approach to identify virulence inhibitors
that could easily move into clinical applications.
Chapter four of this thesis describes a study aimed at investigating the
inhibition of P. aeruginosa virulence via chemical inactivation of
Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (RND) efflux pumps. Efflux pumps of
this family are important for multiple drug-resistance in many pathogenic
bacteria, including P. aeruginosa.
Since no close human homologues of RND transporters have been
described, efflux pumps inhibitors (EPI) are considered promising scaffolds
and lead compounds for the development of drugs aimed at potentiating
antibiotic activity. Since in some bacterial pathogens RND efflux pumps are
also involved in virulence, EPIs have been proposed as virulence inhibitors.
However, no literature data are available concerning the potential antivirulence
activity of EPIs.
The main aim of this study has been to provide a first proof of concept
that, apart from their role in antibiotic resistance, EPIs may act as antivirulence
drugs against P. aeruginosa, by using phenyl-arginine β-
naphthylamide hydrochloride (PAβN) as model compound.
Here, we demonstrate that PAβN 6.5 μM abrogates swarming motility,
an in vitro phenotype strictly related to virulence in vivo. Moreover,
microarray analysis showed that PAβN affects the transcription of about
109 genes. P. aeruginosa transcriptome is affected by PAβN in a specific
way, since it negatively affects the expression of particular groups of genes,
mainly related to iron and phosphate acquisition, while it increases the
expression of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism.
Overall, our results demonstrate that in P. aeruginosa PAβN has
pleiotropic effects that go far beyond the increased susceptibility to
antibiotics. In particular, PAβN decreases the transcription of virulence
related genes, resulting in a reduced pathogenic potential in the G.
mellonella infection model system. In conclusion, the use of EPIs in therapy is a promising challenge since
these compounds, besides their effect as antibiotic adjuvants, may display
anti-virulence properties
Coinvolgimento delle poliammino ossidasi di Arabidopsis thaliana nei processi di sviluppo e di difesa delle piante
No full textThe polyamines (PAs) putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) are small aliphatic polycations found in all living cells. They are involved in several cellular processes and play important roles in morphogenesis, growth, differentiation and senescence. In plants, they are also implicated in defence responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. PA homeostasis is strictly regulated through anabolic and catabolic processes, but also through conjugation, transport and compartimentalization.
Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) are FAD-dependent enzymes involved in PA catabolism. PAOs from monocotyledonous plants, such as the apoplastic maize PAO (ZmPAO), oxidize spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) to produce 1,3-diaminopropane, H2O2 and an aminoaldehyde and are considered involved in a terminal catabolic pathway of PAs. Conversely, animal PAOs and spermine oxidases (SMOs) oxidize Spd, Spm and/or their acetyl-derivatives to produce Put and Spd, respectively, in addition to H2O2 and 3-aminopropanal and are thus considered involved in a PA back-conversion pathway.
In Arabidopsis thaliana, five PAO genes (AtPAO1-5) are present with a varying amino acid sequence homology to ZmPAO and subcellular localization (putative cytosolic for AtPAO1 and AtPAO5 and peroxisomal for AtPAO2, AtPAO3 and AtPAO4). Furthermore, following heterologous expression in bacteria it was shown that AtPAO1 oxidizes Spm but not Spd, whereas AtPAO2, AtPAO3 and AtPAO4 oxidize both Spm and Spd. Conversely, AtPAO5 substrate specificity has not been determined so far since production of the recombinant protein in various heterologous systems has not been successful. The four characterized AtPAOs are also active towards the uncommon PAs thermospermine (Ther-Spm) and norspermine (Nor-Spm). In particular, AtPAO1 shows a higher catalytic activity towards Ther-Spm and NorSpm than towards Spm, which suggests that these two uncommon PAs may be the physiological substrates of this enzyme. This is of particular interest because it has been recently shown the existence in Arabidopsis of an enzyme able to synthesize Ther-Spm and a loss-of-function mutant for this gene shows a severely dwarfed phenotype. Another important characteristic of the four Arabidopsis PAOs is their involvement in a PA back-conversion pathway, producing Spd from Spm and Put from Spd, similarly to the animal PAOs / SMOs and contrary to ZmPAO.
Studies on the tissue- and organ-specific expression pattern of AtPAO1, AtPAO2, AtPAO3 and AtPAO5 using AtPAO::GFP-GUS transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed some distinct expression patterns for each one of the four AtPAOs, such as in the transition region between cell division and elongation zones of roots and anther tapetum for AtPAO1, in columella, stipules and pollen for AtPAO2, in hypocotyls and roots, stipules, columella, trichomes, guard cells and pollen for AtPAO3, and in the vascular system of roots and hypocotyls for AtPAO5. These studies also evidenced increased expression of AtPAO1 in roots and of AtPAO2 in guard cells following treatment with the stress-related plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA).
In the present work, the study on the tissue- and organ-specific expression pattern of the five AtPAOs was completed analysing AtPAO4 promoter activity. In particular, histochemical GUS staining of AtPAO4::GFP-GUS transgenic Arabidopsis plants evidenced that AtPAO4 is expressed in the roots (from the meristematic/elongation transition region up to the hypocotyl–root junction site), in the guard cells, in the base of very young and completely closed flower buds, in anther tapetum and in mature pollen grains. These data together with data from promoter analysis of the other four AtPAOs indicate distinct physiological roles for the various AtPAOs during seedling growth and flower development and suggest functional diversity inside the AtPAO gene family.
To determine the physiological roles of the various AtPAOs, loss-of-function T-DNA insertional mutants (atpao1, atpao2, atpao3, atpao4 and atpao5) have been previously obtained from the NASC collection of Arabidopsis seeds and homozygous mutant lines have been selected. In the present study, double (atpao2/atpao4 and atpao3/atpao4, atpao3/atpao2) and triple (atpao2/atpao4/atpao3) mutants for the peroxisomal AtPAOs as well as the double atpao1/atpao5 mutant for the two AtPAOs with predicted cytosolic localization were also obtained through sexual crossings.
The atpao1 single mutant was analyzed for the levels of the common PAs Put, Spd and Spm as well as of the uncommon PA Ther-Spm, evidencing no statistically significant variation comparing to the wild-type plants. This may be due either to gene redundancy or to the activation of homeostatic mechanisms and may exclude the possibility that Ther-Spm is the physiological substrate of AtPAO1. The atpao1 single mutant was also analyzed for germination and growth rate under physiological and stress conditions, but also in these cases no variation was observed as compared to the wild-type plants. Similar studies on the atpao1/atpao5 double mutant are in progress.
Analysis of PA levels in the single and triple mutants for the three peroxisomal AtPAOs showed some alterations in the atpao2/atpao4/atpao3 triple mutant. Furthermore, since all three AtPAO2, AtPAO3 and AtPAO4 are highly expressed in the guard cells, specialized cells surrounding stomata pores, stomata movements were evaluated evidencing reduced ABA- and PA-mediated stomata closure in the corresponding mutant plants as compared to wild-type plants. Furthermore, the atpao2/atpao4/atpao3 triple mutant appeared more tolerant to dehydration and ABA treatment. Altogether, these data suggest the involvement of the three peroxisomal AtPAOs in the ABA-mediated signaling network. On the other hand, germination and growth rate of the atpao2/atpao4/atpao3 triple mutant in the absence of sucrose was shown to be delayed comparing to the wild-type plants. The underlying mechanisms in these phenotypical alterations in the atpao2/atpao4/atpao3 triple mutant are currently under investigation.
In the present study, it was also possible to express AtPAO5 in 35S::AtPAO5-6His transgenic Arabidopsis plants, to partially purify the corresponding recombinant protein and to determine substrate specificity and reaction products. In particular, it was shown that AtPAO5 has indeed PAO activity, catalyzing the oxidation of Spm, N1-acetyl-Spm, Ther-Spm and Nor-Spm through a PA back-conversion pathway. Furthermore, confocal analysis of 35S::GFP-AtPAO5 and 35S::AtPAO5-GFP transgenic Arabidopsis plants indicated that AtPAO5 is a cytoplasmic protein undergoing proteasomal control. It was also shown cytokinin-inducible expression of AtPAO5 as well as AtPAO5 involvement in the control of xylogenesis by cytokinins. Experiments are in progress to determine the physiological significance of AtPAO5 regulation by the proteasomal pathway as well as to unravel the mechanisms by which AtPAO5 is involved in the cytokinin-mediated pathways. This study represents the starting point to understand the distinct physiological roles of the different PA catabolic pathways in plants during development and defense responses which may permit the application of biotechnological strategies to transfer increased yield and stress-tolerance traits to crops of agronomical relevance
a) Abbay Gubaas; b) Yaa Nabii Salaam Caleyka / Yaa Rasuul Salaam Caleyka
No full text"Abbay Gubaas", "Yaa Nabi Salaam caleyka". F. Giannattasio ayaa duubay 14/03/85, isagoo jooga guri ku yaalla xaafadda Boondheere (Moqdisho): digri nabiammaan oo codsigiisa loogu sameeyay. Waxaa duubistaas ka qayb qaatay Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, oo kala shaqaynaayay Giannattasio xagga baarista muusikada soomaaliyeed, isagoo markaas ka ahaa Masraxa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed soosaare 1984-89._-_"Abbay Gubaas" (Sorella Gubaas), "Yaa Nabii Salaam Caleyka / Yaa Rasuul Salaam Caleyka" (Oh Profeta, a te il saluto, oh Messaggero divino, a te il saluto). Registrazione effettuata da Francesco Giannattasio il 14 marzo 1985 a Mogadiscio, in un'abitazione privata del quartiere Monobooliyo: seduta (leyli = dall'arabo "serale", serata) di Nebi-ammaan (canti in lode del Profeta), eseguita su richiesta. Partecipa alla registrazione Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, allora regista del Teatro Nazionale Somalo e, dal 1984 al 1989, collaboratore di Giannattasio alla ricerca sulla musica somala._-_"Abbay Gubaas" (Sister Gubaas), "Yaa Nabii Salaam Caleyka / Yaa Rasuul Salaam Caleyka" (Oh Prophet, to you the greetings, oh Messenger of God, to you the greetings). Recorded by Francesco Giannattasio on March 14th, 1985 in Mogadishu in a private house of the Monobooliyo district; Nebi-ammaan session (leyli = from Arabic "evening"), songs in praise of the Prophet, performed on request. In the presence of Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, director of the Somali National Theatre and Giannattasio's collaborator in his research on Somali music from 1984 to 1989
Sidii naag dheliwaydoo / Dhawaan Eebbe wax siiyay
No full text"Sidii naag dheliweydo / Dhawaan Eebbe wax siiyay"; heesta dibida: hees loogu talaggalay carrageddinta. F. Giannattasio ayaa duubay 17/4/85, isagoo jooga jardiinka guriga Sh. Caqiib Cabdullaahi Jaamac "Qumbixaali" oo ka tirsan dariiqada Saylaciya (laan ka tirsan Qaadiriya). Waxaa duubistaas ka qayb qaatay Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, oo kala shaqaynaayay Giannattasio xagga baarista muusikada soomaaliyeed, isagoo markaas ka ahaa Masraxa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed soosaare 1984-89._-_"Sidii naag dheliwaydoo / Dhawaan Eebbe wax siiyay" (Come una donna sterile / A cui recentemente Dio ha dato un figlio), incipit; heesta dibida: canto per l'aratura ("dibida beeraha lagu qodo" = per i buoi che tirano l'aratro). Registrazione effettuata da Francesco Giannattasio il 17 aprile 1985 a Mogadiscio, nel giardino dell'abitazione di Sheekh Caaqib Cabdullahi Jamac "Qunbixaali", esponente della dariiqo Seyliciya (filiazione della Qaadiriya). Partecipa alla registrazione Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, allora regista del Teatro Nazionale Somalo e, dal 1984 al 1989, collaboratore di Giannattasio alla ricerca sulla musica somala._-_"Sidii naag dheliwaydoo / Dhawaan Eebbe wax siiyay" (As an infertile woman / To whom God has recently given a child) opening words; heesta dibida: song for plowing ("dibida beeraha lagu qodo" = for the oxen pulling the plow). Recorded by Francesco Giannattasio on April, 17th 1985 in Mogadishu, in the garden of Sheekh Caaqib Cabdullahi Jamac "Qunbixaali"'s house, member of the dariiqo Seyliciya (affiliated to Qaadiriya). In the presence of Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, director of the Somali National Theatre and Giannattasio's collaborator in his research on Somali music from 1984 to 1989
Haddi reerku guuro
No full text"Haddii reerku guuro", Xurbo waa hees ciyaareed (oo qaab ahaan u dhaxayso dhaanto iyo hirwo), arar hadal ah. F. Giannattasio ayaa 30/04/85, isagoo jooga gurigiisa ku yaalla Liido ee Moqdisho, ka duubay Diiriye Faarax Cali oo loo yaqaan "Xaaji Baalbaal". Waxaa duubistaas ka qayb qaatay Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, oo kala shaqaynaayay Giannattasio xagga baarista muusikada soomaaliyeed, isagoo markaas ka ahaa Masraxa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed soosaare 1984-89.._-_"Haddi reerku guuro" (Se la famiglia si trasferisce), genere poetico: 'xurbo' (fra dhaanto e hirwo, lett. "mischiato"); introduzione parlata. Registrazione effettuata da Francesco Giannattasio il 30 aprile 1985 a Mogadiscio (nella propria abitazione al Liido), con Diiriye Faarax Cabdi, detto Xaaji "Baalbaal". Partecipa alla registrazione Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, allora regista del Teatro Nazionale Somalo e, dal 1984 al 1989, collaboratore di Giannattasio alla ricerca sulla musica somala._-_"Haddi reerku guuro" (If the family moves), poetic genre: 'xurbo' (between dhaanto and hurbo, lit. "mixed"); spoken introduction. Recorded by Francesco Giannattasio on April, 30th 1985 in Mogadishu (at Liido home), with Diiriye Faarax Cabdi, called Xaaji "Baalbaal". In the presence of Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, director of the Somali National Theatre and Giannattasio's collaborator in his research on Somali music from 1984 to 1989
Ku fariistiyoo salladaan
No full text"Ku fariistiyoo salaaddan", geeraar. F. Giannattasio ayaa 30/04/85, isagoo jooga gurigiisa ku yaalla Liido ee Moqdisho, ka duubay Diiriye Faarax Cali oo loo yaqaan "Xaaji Baalbaal". Waxaa duubistaas ka qayb qaatay Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, oo kala shaqaynaayay Giannattasio xagga baarista muusikada soomaaliyeed, isagoo markaas ka ahaa Masraxa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed soosaare 1984-89._-_"Ku fariistiyoo salladaan" (Il tappeto su cui mi sono seduto), incipit; genere poetico: 'geeraar'. Registrazione effettuata da Francesco Giannattasio il 30 aprile 1985 a Mogadiscio (nella propria abitazione al Liido), con Diiriye Faarax Cabdi, detto Xaaji "Baalbaal". Partecipa alla registrazione Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, allora regista del Teatro Nazionale Somalo e, dal 1984 al 1989, collaboratore di Giannattasio alla ricerca sulla musica somala._-_"Ku fariistiyoo salladaan" (The carpet on which I sat), opening words; poetic genre: 'geeraar'. Recorded by Francesco Giannattasio on April, 30th 1985 in Mogadishu (at Liido home), with Diiriye Faarax Cabdi, called Xaaji "Baalbaal". In the presence of Aweys Maxamed Waasuge, director of the Somali National Theatre and Giannattasio's collaborator in his research on Somali music from 1984 to 1989
Xayooy xee xooxexee
No full text"Xayooy xee xooxexee", hees ari. F. Giannattasio ayaa ka duubay 23/9/98, isagoo jooga Jigjiga, gobolka V (Soomaalida) ee Itoobiya, dad badankooda soomaali ah, oo ka soo jeeda qabaa'il kala duwan. Waxaa duubista ka qayb qaatay (iyadoo lagu sugnaa guriga Cumar Ibraahin, wasiirka wasaaradda beeraha) Axmed Faarax C. "Idaajaa", Simone Tarsitani iyo Giorgio Banti._-_"Xayooy xee xooxexee", verso stereotipo, 'xayo', "modesta", soprannome della capra; hees-ari canto per la capre (e, in generale, per il pascolo degli ovini). Registrazione effettuata da Francesco Giannattasio il 23 settembre 1998 a Jigjiga, nella V regione (Somalia) dell’Etiopia, gruppo etnico prevalente: Somali di varie cabile. Partecipavano alla registrazione, svoltasi presso l’abitazione privata di Cumar Ibraahiim, Ministro dell'Agricoltura della V regione: Axmed Faarax Cali “Idaajaa” e Simone Tarsitani._-_"Xayooy xee xooxexee", stereotype verse, 'xayo' ("modest"): it is the nickname used for goats; hees-ari, song for the goats (in general, to graze sheep). Recorded by Francesco Giannattasio on September, 23rd 1998 in Jigjiga, in the 5th region (Somalia) of Ethiopia, at Cumar Ibraahiim's place (Agriculture Minister of the 5th region); main group/clan: Somalis belonging to different clans. In the presence of Axmed Faarax Cali “Idaajaa” and Simone Tarsitani