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The autonomous interpretation method in international law with particular reference to the proposed European Sales Law I
Get PDFThe proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL, COM (2011) 635 final) expressly includes an “autonomous” interpretation standard. The interpretation method is included in three places in the instrument: in the Preamble, Recital 29, the Regulation itself, Article 11, and in the actual sales law, Annex I, Article 4. The term autonomous is used in the Preamble and the Annex I. An autonomous interpretation standard is considered desirable in legal scholarship for the application of international instruments, both in private and public international law. The introduction of this standard in CESL could therefore be an important advancement for the theory and practice of international law. In the following, it will be analysed how this interpretation standard can be defined, how it has evolved in the context of existing international law instruments and what the standard is that CESL legislates
City and Suburbs:London 1400-1700
Get PDFLondon’s physical and demographic expansion between 1500 and 1700 was dramatic. The population of the city and its suburbs grew from about 50,000 to almost half a million inhabitants. Almost all this increase was in the suburbs, particularly to the west, north and east of the walled city. These developments raise important questions about their effects upon the city’s economy, population and the physical environment, especially in the expanding suburbs. The purpose of this paper is to examine the suburban growth of London, first of all setting out some of the main characteristics of this growth in the early
modern period. Next the paper will draw on the results of some major research projects carried out by the Centre for Metropolitan History. These have integrated a range of longitudinal and cross-sectional sources, which survive in abundance for early modern London. These enable detailed ‘micro-histories’ to be written of individual properties and their occupants in sample areas of the city, which provide insights into themes such as
household size, the physical size and layout of houses, and the changing urban landscape. The paper presents some conclusions arising from the research into the eastern area of Aldgate, which grew very dramatically in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. There was considerable demand for housing, and multiple occupancy was common and often achieved through the physical division of houses. As the area became built up, patterns can be seen in the development of gardens behind main street frontages into alley ways and courts, around which new tenements were constructed. Most of this was uncoordinated and re-use of older structures was common. On the other hand, the differences between the suburbs and the central parishes should not be over stated
Putting the City Back into Citizenship: Civics Education and Local Government in Britain, 1918-45
No full textThis article is about interwar Britain, civic education, and the theoretical and practical expression of local citizenship. Building upon recent analyses in urban history that have reassessed the perception of municipal and civic decline, I argue that historians must now also challenge the historiography that views citizenship as indivisible from national identity. It was indeed actually common for both children and adults to be taught that it was in the local, and the city especially, that the rights and responsibilities of citizenship were received and enacted. I trace this distinctive conception of citizenship to the ideological resilience of the Victorian idealist philosopher Thomas Hill Green. Drawing on his justification for state intervention to ensure individual liberty, educators positioned municipal government as the guardian of the life and health of individuals and communities—an educational approach they termed civics. This was apparent in organizations such as the National Association of Local Government Officers, Workers’ Educational Association, and the Association for Education in Citizenship, and expressed through the flood of civics textbooks published following the First World War. Using a case study of Manchester I unpick the points of contact between these organizations and the individuals connected to Green, and show how civics was applied in both formal and informal sites of education. While this discourse of citizenship was damaged by the social democracy of the post-1945 welfare state, I conclude that, in the interwar period at least, citizenship was still very much local and urban based
Law libraries and their users
No full textPreprint of revised and updated chapter by Jules Winterton, Director, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies.
Thoroughly updated to reflect changes in law libraries and their users – including new information technologies such as social networking and communication
British Voodoo: the Black art of Rollo Ahmed
Get PDFRollo Ahmed was a Guyanan national, born Abdul Said Ahmed c.1898. He emigrated to England in the inter-war period, initially to work as a theatrical performer and latterly as a herbalist, Yoga teacher, author, lecturer and occultist. Like other Black immigrants, Ahmed’s attempts to gain conventional employment were thwarted due to the widespread racism of the period. As a result, he played on his ‘exoticism’ in England as a self-promotional tool – for example, claiming to have been born in Egypt
so as to enhance his reputation as a purveyor of esoteric wisdom.
He was a familiar face on the 1930s Bohemian literary scene, counting Dennis Wheatley and Aleister Crowley amongst his friends, but struggled to provide a comfortable living for himself and his family, compelling him, on occasion, to seek dubious forms of income.
Ahmed was the author of two books - The Black Art (1936), a history of occultism and magic, and I Rise: The Life Story of a Negro (1937), an eloquent semi-autobiographical novel that moves from Guyana to Liverpool to London, vividly portraying the struggles of a Black man in the 'mother country.
