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Memory and trauma in LGBTQ+ women’s asylum claims on sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) grounds: disregarded, dismissed and denied
Full text linkThis research delves into the relationship between trauma and memory in relation to LGBTQ+ women’s claims for international protection in the UK on SOGI grounds, and looks at how the impacts of these are currently dealt with in asylum procedures. The research explores how memory and trauma exacerbate existing barriers faced by LGBTQ+ women during their refugee status determination (RSD) procedures, how these issues influence the coherence of their narratives of their persecution, and how this impacts decision-makers’ assessments of their credibility and ultimately the outcome of their claims for asylum on SOGI grounds in the UK. Fundamentally, the research reveals how UK RSD procedures, in both policy and practice, deal with the impact of psychological trauma on memory in the assessment of LGBTQ+ women’s asylum claims on SOGI grounds in the UK, paying close attention to how medical evidence outlining the memory impairment resulting from persecution-related trauma is interpreted and considered by decision-makers. Through a comprehensive analysis of case law spanning a 10-year period, the research finds that the UK asylum system currently deals with the compounding effects of trauma and memory in LGBTQ+ women’s claims for asylum on SOGI grounds inconsistently, and in a way that is entirely at odds
with both international and domestic RSD policy and guidance
Can a Theory of Content Rely on Selected Effect Functions? Response to Christie, Brusse, et al.
Full text linkIn the target article, Christie, Brusse, et al. argue that selected effect functions do not, in general, explain why a trait exists in a population and, therefore, theories of representational content should not rely on selected effect functions. This response focuses on the claim about functions-for-representation. The role of evolutionary functions in a theory of content is to pick out outcomes that have been systematically stabilized by natural selection. Correctness conditions are conditions involved in explaining how that happened. Selected effect functions can play that role in the complex equilibria that Christie, Brusse, et al. identify. Non-equilibrium cases are also discussed
The Falerii Novi Project: the 2023 season
Full text linkA four-week campaign from 29 May–23 June 2023 marked the third season of the Falerii Novi Project, and the second season of stratigraphic excavation on site as part of an international collaboration between the British School at Rome, Harvard University, the Institute of Classical Studies (University of London) and the University of Toronto, along with researchers from Ghent University and the University of Florence, under the authorization of the Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Provincia di Viterbo e per l’Etruria Meridionale. The project, described in two previous reports (Bernard et al., 2022; Andrews et al., 2023b), sets out to explore the urban history of the site of Falerii Novi in the Middle Tiber Valley (Andrews et al., 2023a). Excavation
concentrated on three areas of the city: work continued in Areas I (macellum) and II (domus), while Area III in the southern sector of the town was closed and a new Area V opened above a series of tabernae along the northwestern side of the forum piazza (Fig. 1). Reported elsewhere in this volume are other activities also undertaken under the broad umbrella of the Falerii Novi Project over the past year. These include a large geophysical survey of the suburban area begun with the aim of exploring the immediate
hinterland of the city (Pomar, 2024) and a topographical reassessment of the open excavations conducted by the Soprintendenza between 1969 and 1974 (Fochetti, 2024)
Colour Printing Inks and Colour Inking in 18th-Century Europe
No full textIn many ways, the history of colour printing is the history of often overlooked and little understood materials: historical colour printing inks. While the history of printing has focused on stylistic trends or, to a lesser degree, the engineering of the printing press, printing inks were profoundly entwined with developments in tools, machines, and approaches, and allowed printing surfaces or matrices to be worked in new ways to create new styles. This introductory chapter offers an overview of the ways colour printing inks were prepared in the long 18th century, whether by craftswomen and men who combined ingredients to informal recipes or factory workers who formulated colour printing inks from standardised components, including synthetic colourants, using mechanised if not industrial means. It then describes common approaches to applying colour printing inks, for single-sheet artworks and book illustrations, as well as cognate, cross-fertilising trades including textile, pottery, and wallpaper
Tools, Machines, and Techniques for Colour Printing in 18th-Century Europe
No full textThe history of the technology of printing in each of the three approaches to printing, relief, intaglio, and lithography, diverges for the history of printing colour. This is especially the case in Europe in the long 18th century, as colour printing was not mechanised at the same time or in the same way as ‘normal’ black printing. It could require that working methods or press structures be tweaked, or inspire wholly novel, colour-specific printing machines that were designed to accommodate equally novel printing surfaces or matrices. By focusing on the tools, machines, and workshop methods that were developed to print colour, rather than the end results, this chapter presents a technical overview of how colour was printed at this time, c.1700–1830. It concludes by indicating how techniques could be further adapted and combined. It includes printing in letterpress, relief, intaglio, and lithography, as well as cognate, cross-fertilising trades including textile, pottery, and wallpaper
Academic Freedom in Online Learning
Full text linkIn the context of academic freedom, online learning can present specific challenges. This chapter will provide an overview of some key risks to academic staff and students in tertiary education. We will attempt to point to challenges across a range of contexts, from the use of online learning in HEIs that may be otherwise free, to specific threats that arise from the use of online learning in oppressive contexts. Given our focus on learning, we will also briefly outline what we see as the international norms that protect the right of students to academic freedom, which are not always clearly articulated. Finally, the chapter will end with a review of some practices that can be adopted in both democratic and authoritarian states to counter threats to academic freedom in online learning. While online learning does present new ethical considerations in terms of pedagogy, these go beyond the scope of the present study
Protection for Venezuelans in the spirit of Cartagena? An analysis of the spirit of Cartagena and how the protection policies for displaced Venezuelans in Brazil, Colombia and Peru held up to the standard of the spirit of Cartagena
Full text linkIn the midst of the largest exodus in Latin America and months before the fortieth anniversary of the 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, a discussion of the Latin American regional refugee regime is timely. This study reviews the protection policies of three receiving countries in Latin America during the Venezuelan displacement crisis for the period of 2015-2021. It begins with an over-arching discussion of the role and importance of regional refugee regimes. It continues with a narrowed focus on the Latin American regional refugee regime, centred around the 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees. Then, it seeks to close a knowledge gap by defining and attributing elements to the ‘spirit of Cartagena’, an emerging concept stemming from the Cartagena regime.
This broader discussion is put into perspective with a case study on the Latin American response to the Venezuelan displacement. The case study focuses on the forms of protection offered to displaced Venezuelans in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. Then, an analysis is conducted on whether, and in what ways, the varying policies acted in the ‘spirit of Cartagena’. The analysis uses the defining elements of the ‘spirit of Cartagena’ as a measuring stick against themes of the discussed protection policies. The aim is to evaluate some of the region’s responses to the Venezuelan displacement crisis in the context of the notion of the ‘spirit of Cartagena.’
The conclusion is that a harmonised response within the regional refugee regime was ideal, however the policies were generally ad hoc, complementary, and temporary. Despite this, the pragmatism of the protection measures still reflected some aspects of the ‘spirit of Cartagena’
Concepts
Full text linkConcepts are recombinable elements of deliberate conscious thoughts. When I think birds fly, I use my concept of birds and my concept of flying. We think about the world by categorizing things under concepts. This allows us to use existing knowledge (the bird may well fly off). And when we learn something new (birds have feathers), concepts store that information systematically. As studied in cognitive science, concepts are mental representations: physical particulars (in the brain, and perhaps body, of the thinker) that refer to things in the world. A prominent version of the representational approach argues that concepts combine and behave like words of natural language—that we think in a language of thought. As information floods in from the world, concepts are a key way we make sense of what we perceive. They play a central role in thought, language, communication, and learning. They are powerful tools for organizing information, making inferences, and planning for the future
Acting for Reasons: in defence of common-sense psychology
No full textThis is a book about why we do what we do. It’s also about how we arrive at an understanding of another person’s actions or succeed in predicting what someone else will do. A traditional view in philosophy, known as ‘common-sense’ or ‘folk’ psychology, holds that representational mental states—paradigmatically, propositional attitudes like beliefs and desires—lie at the heart of intentional action and social cognition. According to this view, intentional or deliberate actions are responses to mental states which capture a person’s reasons for action: I open the cookie jar because I’d like a cookie and believe there is one in there. has been thrown into serious doubt, with a school of thought emerging which holds that common-sense psychology’s appeal to reasons and reasoning is overly demanding and overly intellectualizing, painting an idealized picture of decision making which is rarely (if ever) borne out by the evidence. A highly influential factor in the rejection (or at least, demoting) of the common-sense model has been a wave of experimental findings coming from Psychology, Economics, and related disciplines which appear to refute the common-sense model of intentional action as typically reasons-responsive. Although people may sometimes act as a result of their reasons, this experimental evidence seems to show that much more commonly people act out of habit and intuition, failing to pay proper attention to the evidence they have. This book is an attempt to reject that line of argument and to defend the common-sense perspective
Access to mental health services in Eritrea, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and the Greater Horn of Africa region
Full text linkOver the past ten years, Eritrea, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia have consistently featured among the top twenty nationalities applying for asylum in the United Kingdom. People across the Greater Horn of Africa region face significant challenges in accessing mental health services, compounded by widespread stigma and cultural barriers that deter individuals from seeking help. Mental health services in the region suffer from limited resources and lack of funding, a shortage of trained professionals, and a lack of supportive national policies and legislation. There is a pressing need for basic psychosocial support, counselling, substance abuse services, and greater integration and prioritisation of mental health within broader health and social care systems. Recognising mental health as an essential part of the right to health for both citizens and refugees is crucial. Governments and international actors must invest in developing healthcare systems that can meet these needs, mobilising political will and funding to alleviate the substantial yet often invisible burden of psychological suffering among displaced populations. Achieving the goal of “no health without mental health” remains a distant but necessary aspiration