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Knowing Ourselves Together: The Cultural Origins of Metacognition
Full text linkMetacognition – the ability to represent, monitor and control ongoing cognitive processes – helps us perform many tasks, both when acting alone and when working with others. While metacognition is adaptive, and found in other animals, we should not assume that all human forms of metacognition are gene-based adaptations. Instead, some forms may have a social origin, including the discrimination, interpretation, and broadcasting of metacognitive representations. There is evidence that each of these abilities depends on cultural learning and therefore that cultural selection might shape human metacognition. The cultural origins hypothesis is a plausible and testable alternative that directs us towards a substantial new programme of research
Deferred Prosecution Agreements in England & Wales: Castles Made of Sand?
Full text linkPublic Law, 2020, Apr, 307-330.
Negotiated settlements are increasingly regarded as an alternative tool against corporate criminality, with numerous countries now embracing such settlements. In England and Wales, amidst concerns relating to corporate criminal liability, the government introduced deferred prosecution agreements (DPAs) in 2014. Five years on from their introduction in England and Wales, it is timely to re-examine the DPA regime, not least given its influence on developments in other jurisdictions.
This article examines three key aspects of the development of the DPA regime to date, that, we argue, have resulted in a weak foundational basis for the regime notwithstanding its robust legal framework. Specifically, we explore: whether a DPA is in the public interest; the requirement of self-reporting; and the terms of a DPA. Even though there are admittedly only five Agreements to date, it is nonetheless useful to reflect upon the lessons to be learnt from these infant years. While DPAs were enacted to overcome obstacles to prosecuting companies and they have been widely lauded, we are not convinced by such contentions. The argument advanced in this article is that practice has been haphazard, rather than tied to any core principles, and lacks a clear underlying purpose. This situation is particularly evident in the three areas discussed in this article, which leads to the conclusion that the DPA regime stands on shaky foundations
Estado del arte de la literatura sobre desplazamiento interno en América Latina
Full text linkThis paper reviews the scholarship on internal displacement in Latin America. This includes not only the vast literature on internal displacement in Colombia, and the responses to that protracted situation, but also the research on other emerging scenarios of internal displacement in the region, particularly Mexico and countries in the north of Central America. The paper starts by describing the main internal displacement trends in Latin America. It then reviews how scholarship on internal displacement in this region has developed, respectively, in the fields of law and policy, other social sciences and humanities, and health and medicine. It ends by offering conclusions on the scope of existing research and directions for future study.
This review of the scholarly literature seeks to identify principal trends, gaps and opportunities relating to research on internal displacement. Towards this end, the review concentrates on academic publications, including monographs, chapters in edited volumes and peer-reviewed articles, from the early 1990s until the start of 2020, a period of approximately 30 years. It thus offers not only a critical review of the state of the art in this field of study but also a key point of reference for researchers looking to develop our understanding of internal displacement from the standpoint of a variety of different disciplines and themes.
The paper forms part of a series of papers published in this Working Paper Series that review the state of the scholarship on internal displacement at the global level and in particular regions as we enter the decade of the 2020s. This research forms part of the Interdisciplinary Network on Displacement, Conflict and Protection (AH/T005351/1) and Global Engagement on Internal Displacement in sub-Saharan Africa (EP/T003227/1) projects, pilots of which were supported by the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF). It should be read in conjunction with the other review papers in this series
Internal Displacement in Europe and Central Asia: A Review of the Literature
Full text linkThis paper reviews the existing scholarship on internal displacement in Europe and Central Asia. It concentrates on research relating to internal displacement in European and Central Asian countries affected by conflict, and the responses to that phenomenon at the national and regional levels. The paper starts by describing the main recent internal displacement trends across those regions, and for particular countries therein. It then reviews how scholarship on internal displacement in Europe and Central Asia has developed, respectively, in the fields of law and policy, other social sciences and humanities, and health and medicine. It ends by offering conclusions on the scope of existing research and directions for future study.
This review of the scholarly literature seeks to identify principal trends, gaps and opportunities relating to research on internal displacement. Towards this end, the review concentrates on academic publications, including monographs, chapters in edited volumes and peer-reviewed articles, from the early 1990s until the start of 2020, a period of approximately 30 years. It thus offers not only a critical review of the state of the art in this field of study but also a key point of reference for researchers looking to develop our understanding of internal displacement from the standpoint of a variety of different disciplines and themes.
The paper forms part of a series of papers published in this Working Paper Series that review the state of the scholarship on internal displacement at the global level and in particular regions as we enter the decade of the 2020s. This research forms part of the Interdisciplinary Network on Displacement, Conflict and Protection (AH/T005351/1) and Global Engagement on Internal Displacement in sub-Saharan Africa (EP/T003227/1) projects, pilots of which were supported by the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF). It should be read in conjunction with the other review papers in this series
In-between Lives: Attending to age-position in adolescent refugees’ experiences of forced migration in the Horn of Africa
Full text linkThis study uses a qualitative approach to examine the experiences of forced displacement from the perspective of adolescent Eritrean refugees residing in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). It uses a “generational” framework to analyse the ways in which their age-position influences their lived experiences. In so doing it highlights the ways in which interconnectedness with family and peer group, within a historical and social context, combined with their stage in life, shapes the complexity of their experiences. This study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the perspective of this age-group and illustrates the usefulness of employing more sophisticated concepts of ‘age’ to enable more age-sensitive analysis. It demonstrates that attending to the position of adolescents, as distinct from younger children, can serve to deepen an understanding of their lived experiences. For instance, this study highlights the role of family attachments (and separations) in the interviewees’ displacement trajectories, and the age-specific impact of displacement on their educational opportunities. It also explores the important role of the peer group in providing a social identity, and a social support, in situations of exile. This analytic approach contrasts with more binary and linear accounts of forced migration, that often miss out on the processes that shape and link the different stages of displacement
Obstacles and Catalysts of Integrating Young North Korean Defectors in South Korea
Full text linkThis qualitative study addresses the deficit in current Korean government policy in integrating young North Korean defectors and demonstrates the catalysts and inhibitors of young North Koreans integrating to South Korean society. It does so through secondary source, narrative analysis and by examining young North Korean defectors’ responses in primary interviews in other studies on life in South Korea. The responses were coded by theme and organized into three categories of concern for young defectors based on their responses: culture and language, power, and income and housing. The results informed recommendations understood through Ager and Strang’s domains of integration and are based on current practices in aiding displaced people employed by states and intergovernmental actors. These recommendations were addressed to the Korean government. The goal of this research is to improve the lives of young North Korean people in South Korea by questioning current local integration approaches which do not incorporate Forced Migration thought in their implementation
War and Resettlement: Polish Resettlement Camps in the UK after the Second World War. The experience of creating a settlement policy for Polish political refugees
Full text linkThe subject domain of this paper is Polish immigration to post-War Britain. It portrays the Polish community’s rehabilitation in exile and the British government’s creation of a model migrant settlement policy for Polish refugees after 1946. It explains how Poles successfully integrated into mainstream British society and highlights the importance of education as their route to civic integration.
The research leading to this paper examined the political implications of the passage of the Polish Resettlement Bill in March 1947 (the first ever British legislation dealing with mass immigration) and how the original refugees formed much of the Polish community as it exists today.
The exceptional aspects of this legislation in terms of modern British refugee policy lay in its clauses relating to the Polish refugees’ entitlement to government support in key areas of social life. Major government departments were assigned special duties linked to the management, organization and support of this group of immigrants. Each of them took different responsibilities.
A good deal of this paper is dedicated to the creation of the Polish Resettlement Camps in Britain in 1946. At the end of the Second World War the British Government offered hospitality to Polish soldiers who had served under British command and who were unable or unwilling to return to their native country. Wives and dependents were brought to Britain to join the soldiers, bringing the total estimated number to over 250,000.
Former army and air force camps were utilised as temporary accommodation for the Polish troops and their families.
In due course, the Poles emerged as dedicated contributors to the rebuilt British economy. In the workplace they have always been seen by Britons as hard-working and reliable employees. Those who obtained secondary or higher education found profitable and prestigious posts in the British labour market and made successful professional careers. Children of Polish descent, who were born, brought up and educated in the reality of the resettlement camps or hostels have engaged in professional careers and made their Polish names recognizable in a rapidly diversifying British society.
Polish refugees became one of the most prosperous immigrant groups in Great Britain and the Polish minority constitutes one of the largest ethnic groups in the UK today
Extremism, Contested Territory and Diversity: An Opportunity for Development of Iraq’s National Policy on Displacement in 2020?
Full text linkAfter decades of brutal dictatorship under Saddam Hussein and years of sectarian civil war, followed by the 2014 ISIS
take over, and subsequent loss, of territory in the north and west of the country, Iraq’s institutions and people are still
reeling. Though post-war reconstruction is now underway and the numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in
Iraq are gradually decreasing, there remain almost two million displaced people scattered throughout the country.
Over half of these IDPs have been displaced for more than three years.
The contemporary displacement landscape in Iraq is both problematic and unique. Protracted displacement has
become entrenched as a norm, with state response to date emphasising return as the only desirable solution.
Complicating the search for durable solutions is the ongoing conflict between the government of Iraq and the
Kurdish Regional Government, over the resource-rich Disputed Territories, which are historically the most ethnoreligiously diverse region of Iraq. Additionally, the presence of perceived ISIS-affiliates among the IDP population renders implementation of durable solutions extremely challenging, whilst simultaneously raising unique protection concerns as these perceived affiliates remain extremely vulnerable to abuse and discrimination by state and security forces, as well as civilians.
In 2008 the Iraqi Ministry of Displacement and Migration published a national policy on displacement, which was
never implemented. At the time, on paper, it represented a relatively robust mechanism for protection. It is, however,
inadequate to respond to the current displacement context within Iraq, particularly the protection needs of minorities
within the Disputed Territories and perceived-ISIS affiliates. This research examines the contents of the policy against
the current protection needs of IDPs, before exploring how it can be updated, and made relevant, by drawing upon
the effective, holistic provisions contained within the African Union Kampala Convention
Publication, Testing and Visualization with EFES: A tool for all stages of the EpiDoc editing process
Full text linkEpiDoc is a set of recommendations, schema and other tools for the encoding of ancient texts, especially inscriptions and papyri, in TEI XML, that is now used by upwards of a hundred projects around the world, and large numbers of scholars seek training in EpiDoc encoding every year. The EpiDoc Front-End Services tool (EFES) was designed to fill the important need for a publication solution for researchers and editors who have produced EpiDoc encoded texts but do not have access to digital humanities support or a well-funded IT service to produce a publication for them.
This paper discusses the use of EFES not only for final publication, but as a tool in the editing and publication workflow, by editors of inscriptions, papyri and similar texts including those on coins and seals. The edition visualisations, indexes and search interface produced by EFES are able to serve as part of the validation, correction and research apparatus for the author of an epigraphic corpus, iteratively improving the editions long before final publication. This research process is a key component of epigraphic and papyrological editing practice, and studying these needs will help us to further enhance the effectiveness of EFES as a tool.
To this end we also plan to add three major functionalities to the EFES toolbox: (1) date visualisation and filter—building on the existing “date slider,” and inspired by partner projects such as Pelagios and Godot; (2) geographic visualization features, again building on Pelagios code, allowing the display of locations within a corpus or from a specific set of search results in a map; (3) export of information and metadata from the corpus as Linked Open Data, following the recommendations of projects such as the Linked Places format, SNAP, Chronontology and Epigraphy.info, to enable the semantic sharing of data within and beyond the field of classical and historical editions.
Finally, we discuss the kinds of collaboration that will be required to bring about desired enhancements to the EFES toolset, especially in this age of research-focussed, short-term funding. Embedding essential infrastructure work of this kind in research applications for specific research and publication projects will almost certainly need to be part of the solution
Humanitarian accountability: a conceptual analysis
Full text linkDrawing on the public accountability literature, mainly using Bovens’ concepts of accountability as mechanism and accountability as a virtue, this paper reviews existing strategies for conceptualisation and operationalisation of accountability in the humanitarian sector and compares their advantages and shortcomings.
Humanitarian work takes place in contexts that are characterised by inherent power imbalances between donors, humanitarian organisations, local communities and affected populations. In this context, humanitarian organisations have a multitude of accountability relationships, some of them are formal – for example, through contracts with donors – while others are legal and political obligations. Others are informal, such as those with affected populations who do not have any formal power to hold these organisations accountable.
Efforts from humanitarian organisations to become more accountable have to date mainly focused on accountability
virtue, a normative concept that defines accountable behaviour, and the sector has developed a multitude of voluntary standards and business inspired frameworks. However, less attention has been paid to accountability as a mechanism, which requires organisations to explain and justify their conduct to a forum and face judgement. It appears that donors are the only existing forum to which humanitarian organisations do have to give an account and be answerable for their acts and performance.
The author argues that a mix of these approaches (virtue and mechanism) could improve accountability in the humanitarian sector. However, the success of such an approach to humanitarian accountability will essentially depend on how far both donors and humanitarian organisations are willing to let go of power and control