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Kyberturvallisuus osana sotatieteiden kandidaatin tutkintoa
No full textKybertoimintaympäristön kasvava merkitys on luonut vaatimuksia upseerikoulutukselle. Jokaiselta upseerilta edellytetään kyberturvallisuusosaamista. Kyberturvallisuusosaaminen on ollut keskeinen osa kansallisia kyberturvallisuusstrategioita. Tämä on näkynyt myös suomalaisten yliopistojen kyberturvallisuuskurssien tarjonnassa. Kybertoimintaympäristön luonteen vuoksi eri toimijoilta edellytettävien tietojen ja taitojen voidaan olettaa olevan osittain yhteneväisiä.
Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin sotatieteiden kandidaatin tutkinnon kyberturvallisuusopetuksen kehittämistä tämän ajatuksen kautta. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, mitä kyberturvallisuuden opetusta sotatieteiden kandidaatin tutkinto sisältää ja eroaako se muiden yliopistojen vastaavista kursseista. Tavoitteena oli löytää kehityskohteita opetussisällön analysoinnin ja vertailun kautta.
Tutkimus toteutettiin tapaustutkimuksena, jossa tutkittaviksi tapauksiksi määritettiin sotatieteiden kandidaatin tutkintoon kuuluva kyberturvallisuuden opetus sekä vertailuun valitut eri yliopistojen kyberturvallisuuden perusteita käsittelevät kurssit. Kyberturvallisuusopetusta tarkasteltiin analysoimalla opintojaksojen opetussisältöä. Kuvaukset opetussisällöstä muodostettiin vastuuopettajien teemahaastatteluiden ja opetusmateriaalin perusteella. Kurssien opetussisällön analysointi ja vertailu perustui teoriaohjaavaan sisällönanalyysiin. Eri kyberturvallisuuden mallien soveltuvuutta tutkimukseen arvioitiin. Analyysirunko muodostettiin Naton tuottaman kyberturvallisuuskoulutuksen referenssiopetussuunnitelman osaamistavoitteiden perusteella. Kurssien analysoinnin kautta saatuja tuloksia vertailtiin ristiin eroavaisuuksien tunnistamiseksi.
Tutkimus osoitti sotatieteiden kandidaatin tutkinnon sisältävän kyberturvallisuuden opetusta neljällä eri opintojaksolla, vaikka tämä ei ilmennyt niiden osaamistavoitteissa. Vertailun perusteella voidaan todeta, ettei opetussisällössä ole kriittisiä puutteita. Opetussisältö osoittautui pääosin yhteneväiseksi muiden tapausten kanssa. Kaikkien tapausten kohdalla opetus painottui analyysirungon ensimmäiseen teemaan, joka käsitteli kybertoimintaympäristön rakennetta ja kyberturvallisuuden perusteita. Vertailun perusteella tunnistetut kehityskohteet liittyivät internetin rakenteen ja protokollien tarkempaan tekniseen tarkasteluun sekä kansallisten kyberturvallisuustoimijoiden erittelyyn.
Tutkimuksen perusteella kehityskohteiksi tunnistettiin myös kyberturvallisuuteen liittyvien osaamistavoitteiden määrittelyn puute sekä samojen aiheiden toistuvuus eri opintojaksoilla. Kehityskohteiden voidaan katsoa olevan sidoksissa toisiinsa. Analyysirungon ensimmäisten osaamistavoitteiden aiheiden toistuvuus ilmaisee, ettei opetuksessa ole suunnitelmallista rakentuvuutta aiemman osaamisen päälle. Osaamisen tason syventymistä usean opintojakson läpi ei tällöin saavuteta.navigointi mahdollist
Communication of Target Group Specific Values in the Automotive Industry : Do Commercials Reflect the Values of the Specific Target Group?
No full textDie vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Kommunikation von Werten in Werbespots deutscher Automobilmarken. Aufgrund aktueller Herausforderungen der Automobilindustrie in Bezug auf die Umstellung auf E-Fahrzeuge wird die Wertekommunikation in Werbespots für Verbrenner und E-Autos verglichen. Beantwortet werden soll die Frage, inwiefern sich die kommunizierten Werte in Abhängigkeit von der Produktkategorie unter-scheiden. Gleichzeitig soll festgestellt werden, inwiefern die kommunizierten Werte der jeweiligen Produktkategorie die Werte der entsprechenden Zielgruppe widerspiegeln. Dazu wurde sowohl eine qualitative Inhaltsanalyse von Werbespots der vier deutschen Automarken Audi, BMW, Mercedes und VW als auch eine quantitative Befragung durch-geführt. Diese erfasste die Wertestruktur von Personen, die einem E-Auto gegenwärtig oder zukünftig offen gegenüberstehen, sowie von Personen, die sich nicht vorstellen können, sich für ein E-Fahrzeug zu entscheiden. Im Rahmen der Werbevideoanalyse zeigten sich keine Unterschiede der kommunizierten Werte in Abhängigkeit von der Produktkategorie. Zwischen den Marken zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede in den kommunizierten Werten. Die Auswertung der Fragebogendaten zeigte signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen auf den Wertedimensionen Universalismus, Benevolenz und Selbstbestimmung. Explorativ konnten noch weitere Unterschiede innerhalb der beiden betrachteten Gruppen gefunden werden. Insgesamt zeigt sich das Bild, dass die Werte der E-Fahrzeug-Interessenten nur zu einem geringen Grad in den Werbespots aufgegriffen werden. Für die deutschen Automobilhersteller bieten die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit eine Möglichkeit die zielgruppengerechte Ansprache potenzieller Kunden zu verbessern.This paper reflects the communication of values in promotional videos of German car manufacturers. Because of current challenges regarding the transition towards electric vehicles in the automotive industry, commercials for combustion and electric cars will be compared. The study should answer the following questions: To what extent do the communicated values differ depending on the product category? To what extent do the communicated values of the respective product categories reflect upon the values of the corresponding target group? Therefor a qualitative content analysis of commercials by the four German car brands Audi, BMW, Mercedes and VW was conducted. Along-side, a quantitative survey was carried out. The survey measured the values of people, who state that they are open to drive an electric car now or in the future, as well as peo-ple who cannot imagine deciding in favor of an electric car. The qualitative content analysis of the commercials revealed no differences in the values communicated de-pending on the product category. But significant differences in the values communicat-ed depending on the brand have been found. The evaluation of the questionnaire data showed significant differences between the groups on the value dimensions of univer-salism, benevolence, and self-determination. Explorative analyses showed further differences within the observed groups. Overall, the picture that emerges is that the values of those interested in electric vehicles are only addressed to a small degree in the commercials considered. For German automotive brands the results can be seen as a chance to improve their communication towards a more target group appropriate way
Psychological Aspects in the Evaluation of Asylum Claims Based on Sexual Orientation
No full textPeople seeking protection from harm based on their sexual orientation face considerable challenges in articulating and establishing the credibility of their claim for asylum. In the absence of supporting evidence, they generally can only rely on their oral testimony to convince an asylum official that their sexual identity puts them at risk of persecution in their country of origin. At the same time, evaluating the credibility of these claims for asylum involves considerable evidentiary challenges for asylum officials, who may be unduly influenced by their assumptions about sexual minorities, rooted in their personal and cultural background. Recent research has, in fact, alerted a concerning overreliance on stereotypes in the evaluation of asylum claims based on sexual orientation.
Given the inherent cognitive and social psychological factors involved in asylum interviewing and decision-making, research in legal psychology is crucial for developing evidence-based recommendations to improve current asylum practice, including in cases based on sexual orientation. Yet, to date, psychological research has largely overlooked the specific issues involved in the evaluation of asylum cases based on social (including sexual) identity. The overarching aim of the present thesis was to advance the existing psychological literature on interviewing and evaluation techniques in this category of asylum cases.
In Study I, we critically reviewed the literature on credibility assessments of asylum cases based on sexual orientation. We found that asylum officials held several beliefs about sexual identity, behavior, and experience that were at odds with established evidence in psychology. Officials were also found to apply the recommended credibility indicators rigidly and inconsistently, and to also refer to arbitrary criteria when evaluating claims based on sexual orientation.
Drawing on the knowledge gained from Study I, we developed a detailed coding scheme to examine interviewing and decision-making practice in cases based on sexual orientation in Finland. In Study II, we analyzed 68 negative-outcome asylum decisions to identify patterns in the arguments put forward by asylum officials when rejecting cases based on sexual orientation. Disbelief of the applicant’s self-identified sexual orientation was the most commonly cited reason for the negative decision. Themes related to the applicants’ narrative of their sexual identity were more likely to raise credibility issues than themes related to their experiences of persecution. Asylum officials most often justified their negative credibility judgments based on the argument that the claims lacked detail, consistency, and plausibility. Officials’ arguments regarding the implausibility of the claim often concerned applicants’ reported feelings in connection with their sexual identity and the risks they had taken in the country of origin.
In Study III, we analyzed the questions asked in 129 Finnish asylum interviews to elicit claims based on sexual orientation, with the aim of investigating any patterns in officials’ interviewing techniques. We identified a predominant use of the information-gathering style of interviewing, as well as an infrequent use of the most discouraged question types (suggestive and forced choice questions). However, asylum officials only used open-ended questions sparingly (12%), favoring directive and yes/no questions, which together constituted over 80% of all questions asked. The interview questions were primarily aimed at evaluating the credibility of the applicants’ sexual identity, with questions aimed at evaluating their risk of persecution constituting a secondary focus within the interviews.
In Study IV, we analyzed asylum applicants’ answers in a sample of 53 cases to identify their self-reported barriers to disclosing their sexual orientation within the asylum procedure, and to investigate the consequences of the delayed disclosure on the asylum decision. Applicants’ most commonly reported reasons for delaying the disclosure of sexual orientation were not knowing that this aspect was relevant to the asylum decision, having concerns about the confidentiality of the asylum interview, and being uncomfortable with disclosure. Moreover, one fifth of all applicants indicated that a professional within the asylum procedure had contributed to the delayed disclosure. The delayed disclosure contributed to negative credibility judgments in half of the rejected cases in our sample. Although most written decisions evaluated the applicant’s reason(s) for the delay, in two cases, the late disclosure itself was cited as the motivation to reject the claim.
Overall, the results of this thesis point to a mismatch between officials’ expectations surrounding applicants’ narrative abilities regarding their sexual orientation, on the one hand, and the methods used to elicit such claims, on the other hand. Further research and training in psychology are needed to remedy the current shortcomings and promote adherence to evidence-based evaluation techniques.Personer som söker skydd från förföljelse och hot på grund av sin sexuella läggning ställs inför stora utmaningar när det gäller att formulera sin asylansökan. Då det i regel saknas stödande bevis måste de i allmänhet bara förlita sig på sitt muntliga vittnesmål för att framställa att deras sexuella identitet innebär att de riskerar förföljelse i sitt ursprungsland. Samtidigt innebär bedömningen av trovärdigheten i dessa asylansökningar utmaningar för asyltjänstemännen, som kan vara otillbörligt påverkade av sina egna personliga och kulturellt formade antaganden om sexuella minoriteter. Följaktligen har ny forskning visat på en oroande förekomst av stereotypier vid bedömningen av asylansökningar som grundar sig på sexuell läggning.
Med tanke på de oundvikliga kognitiva och socialpsykologiska faktorer som ingår i asylintervjuer och det juridiska beslutsfattande är rättspsykologisk forskning avgörande för att utveckla evidensbaserade rekommendationer för att förbättra nuvarande asylpraxis, inklusive de fall som är baserade på den asylsökandes sexuella läggning. Hittills har den psykologiska forskningen dock i stor utsträckning förbisett de specifika frågor som utgör en del av utvärderingen av asylärenden grundade på social (inklusive sexuell) identitet. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var därför att fördjupa den befintliga psykologiska litteraturen om intervju- och utvärderingstekniker i denna kategori av asylärenden.
I Studie I granskade vi kritiskt litteraturen om trovärdighetsbedömningar i asylärenden baserade på sexuell läggning. Vi fann att asyltjänstemän hade flera uppfattningar om sexuell identitet, beteende och erfarenhet som inte stämde överens med etablerad psykologisk vetenskap. Det visade sig också att tjänstemännen tillämpade de rekommenderade trovärdighets-indikatorerna på ett inflexibelt och inkonsekvent sätt och att de ofta förlitade sig på godtyckliga kriterier när de bedömde asylansökningar baserade på sexuell läggning.
Med utgångspunkt i kunskaperna från studie I utvecklade vi ett detaljerat kodningsschema för att undersöka intervju- och beslutspraxis i ärenden som rör sexuell läggning i Finland. I Studie II analyserade vi 68 asylbeslut med negativt utfall för att identifiera mönster i de argument som framförs av asyltjänstemän när de avslår ärenden baserade på sexuell läggning. Att inte tro på den sökandes självidentifierade sexuella läggning var den vanligaste orsaken till det negativa beslutet. Teman som rörde de sökandes berättelse om sin sexuella identitet var mer benägna att ge upphov till trovärdighetsproblem än teman som rörde deras erfarenheter av förföljelse. Asyltjänstemännen motiverade oftast sina negativa trovärdighetsbedömningar med att utsagorna saknade detaljer, var inkonsekventa och bedömdes orimliga. Tjänstemännens argument för att utsagorna var osannolika handlade ofta om de sökandes rapporterade känslor i samband med deras sexuella identitet och de risker de hade tagit i ursprungslandet.
I Studie III analyserade vi de frågor som ställdes i 129 finska asylintervjuer för att få fram information om de sökandes sexuella läggning, i syfte att undersöka eventuella mönster i tjänstemännens intervjuteknik. Vi identifierade ett omfattande bruk av informationsinsamlande intervjustil, och endast ett mindre förekommande bruk av de minst stödda frågetyperna (suggestiva frågor och frågor med påtvingat svarsalternativ). Asyltjänstemännen använde dock endast sparsamt öppna frågor (12%) och föredrog styrande frågor och ja/nej-frågor, som tillsammans utgjorde över 80% av alla frågor som ställdes. Intervjufrågorna syftade i första hand till att bedöma trovärdigheten i de sökandes sexuella identitet, medan frågor som syftade till att bedöma risken för förföljelse utgjorde ett sekundärt fokus i intervjuerna.
I Studie IV analyserade vi ett urval av 53 ärenden för att identifiera asylsökandes självrapporterade hinder för att berätta om sin sexuella läggning i sin asylansökan och för att undersöka vilka konsekvenser en försenad beskrivning får för asylbeslutet. De vanligaste anledningarna till att de sökande dröjde med att berätta om sin sexuella läggning var att de inte visste att denna aspekt var relevant för asylbeslutet, att de oroade sig för sekretessen under asylintervjun och att de kände sig obekväma med att berätta. En femtedel av alla asylsökande uppgav dessutom att någon av de personerna involverade i asylärendet hade bidragit till att de dröjde med att berätta. Det försenade avslöjandet bidrog till negativa trovärdighetsbedömningar i hälften av de avslagna ärendena i vårt urval. Även om de flesta skriftliga besluten utvärderade den sökandes skäl till förseningen, angavs i två fall det sena utlämnandet i sig som skäl för att avslå ansökan.
Sammantaget pekar resultaten av denna avhandling på en bristande överensstämmelse mellan å ena sidan tjänstemännens förväntningar på de sökandes förmåga att berätta om sin sexuella läggning och å andra sidan de metoder som används för att hjälpa asylsökande att ärligt berätta sin historia. Ytterligare forskning och utbildning i psykologi behövs för att åtgärda de nuvarande bristerna och främja evidensbaserade utvärderingsmetoder.navigointi mahdollist
Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Right to Life
No full textAutonomous weapon systems are developing at a high pace, which gives rise to a host of legal and ethical considerations. What differentiates autonomous weapon systems and other types of weapon systems, is the decreased role of humans in their operation. The right to life is the most fundamental human right, which acts as a base for the enjoyment of every other human right. This right entails that anyone must not be arbitrarily deprived of their life. However, this right is threatened by the existence of armed conflict. As autonomous weapons are increasingly used in armed conflicts, the aim of this thesis is to determine their ability to respect the fundamental right to life. Additionally, the possibility to strengthen the protection by taking a more human rights-based approach to international humanitarian law is considered.
The arbitrariness of a deprivation of life can be determined through an analysis of what international humanitarian law stipulates. First, the thesis examines international humanitarian law, as well as its relationship with international human rights law. The principles of distinction, proportionality, precaution and humanity, which are stipulated in written and customary international humanitarian law, are examined with particular attention paid to the position of international humanitarian law on human control in the conduct of warfare. In addition, the differing degrees of protection for the right to life in international humanitarian law and human rights law is considered. Next, the thesis examines autonomous weapon systems, and the different levels of autonomy on which they operate. Additionally, the thesis considers some of the arguments presented for and against the use of autonomous weapon systems.
Based on the research, the thesis comes to the conclusion that the ability of autonomous weapon systems to respect the right to life depends greatly on the degree of autonomy which the system is granted. Weapon systems in which only some functions are made autonomous can be used in compliance with international humanitarian law, and therefore they do not automatically violate the right to life. However, decision-making about the use of lethal force should not be one of the functions made autonomous. Weapon systems with full autonomy would not be compatible with international humanitarian law, which would mean that their use would violate the right to life. The thesis acknowledges that fully autonomous weapons do not exist yet, while also recognizing the possibility that they will be developed
International comparison of marketing in tourism : Comparative Analysis of the Digital Communication Strategies of Visit Finland, Visit Sweden and Germany Travel
No full textNordeuropa zählt zu den beliebtesten Reisezielen der Deutschen. Aufgrund der kulturellen Ähnlichkeiten und der geografischen Nähe stehen die Nordischen Länder im direkten Wettbewerb um Reisende miteinander. Dadurch ist das Marketing der Destinationen und die Abgrenzung von anderen elementar. In dieser Arbeit werden die crossmedialen Kommunikationsstrategien der nationalen DMO Visit Finland, Visit Sweden und Germany Travel auf den Webseiten und auf Instagram für ihre deutschsprachige Zielgruppe untersucht.
Aufgrund der Nähe zwischen Finnland und Schweden ist es interessant zu untersuchen, in welchen Punkten sich die Destinationen voneinander abheben und ihre Alleinstellungsmerkmale herauszuarbeiten. Um einen internationalen Vergleich durchführen zu können, wird Deutschland als Reiseziel in die vergleichende Analyse einbezogen.
Die Analyse wird mit Hilfe der Multimodalen Textanalyse nach Hennecke durchgeführt.
Diese konzentriert sich besonders auf das Verhältnis von Bild und Sprache zueinander.
Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass die Unterschiede in der Kommunikation in den Details liegen und sie sich in vielen Aspekten stark ähnelt.
Die DMO setzen jeweils eigene Schwerpunkte und nutzen ihren individuellen Stil in der optischen Gestaltung, während die Mechanismen und Themenfelder die gleichen sind
Does systemic discrimination make all women refugees? Consolidating gender-based asylum in the EU
No full textWomen have been persecuted due to factors relating directly and exclusively to their gender throughout history, yet this fact is not reflected in the protection thereof. Because gender is not an articulated basis for refugee status, it has been more difficult for women to prove that they have a well-founded fear of persecution qualifying them for international protection. This thesis explores how EU refugee law should be interpreted in the matter of gender-based asylum claims, and whether systemic discrimination against women in their country of origin is sufficient to grant them refugee status solely based on their gender in the European Union.
This research is based around three recent rulings by the Court of Justice of the European Union, all of which expanded the idea of gender-based refugee status in the Union. The author will clarify how EU refugee law should be interpreted following these rulings and discuss the practical implications of a new interpretation, which includes women from countries of origin where they are faced with a general risk of persecution being granted refugee status without an individual assessment procedure, i.e. on a prima facie basis. The thesis will analyse whether these rulings will result in gender-based refugee status becoming a legally binding common standard in the Union, and what this would entail for both Afghan women, who one of the rulings directly concerned, and other groups of women at risk of gender-based persecution. The author will discuss the limits of the influence of the precedent and how the provisions are likely to be applied in practice in a continent characterised by refugee deterrence rather than protection.
Two methods are used to gain a comprehensive understanding of how the matter of group-based refugee status for women might be dealt with: the legal doctrinal method, which allows for an inquiry into the EU legal framework, and the future scenarios approach. Using the second method, three future scenarios will be presented, all of which represent possible repercussions of the CJEU’s rulings in 2024, the likelihood of which depend on how Union and Court politics shape the development of the area of law.
This research concludes that it is possible for women to be granted refugee status solely based on their gender and nationality in the EU, and that it is justified to determine this status on a prima facie basis when a general risk of persecution in their country of origin is established. It also finds that there is basis for the third presented scenario, which entails the CJEU continuing to develop the common standards in the EU, which solidifies gender-based refugee status and would make the interpretation applicable to more groups of women at risk, such as women from Iran
Brand Positioning in the Aviation Industry : A frame-semantic Analysis of Emirates and Qatar Airways
No full textDie Luftfahrtbranche ist ein aus Marketing-Perspektive besonders herausfordernder Markt, da eine Dienstleistung an verschiedenste Zielgruppen und Menschen unterschiedlicher Herkunft mit unterschiedlichen Ansprüchen beworben werden muss. Um sich von Wettbewerbern zu differenzieren, ist es deshalb für Fluggesellschaften notwendig, eine einzigartige, markentypische Identität herauszuarbeiten und diese erfolgreich zu kommunizieren. Des Weiteren ist es essenziell, dass Marken ihre Kernbotschaften medienübergreifend konsistent kommunizieren. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es, herauszufinden, wie sich die beiden Fluggesellschaften Emirates und Qatar Airways in ihrer Markenpositionierung unterscheiden. Um dieses zu erreichen, wird zunächst ein theoretischer Blick auf die Herausforderungen der Luftfahrtbranche, die Kultur der bei den Herkunftsländer und das Thema Markenführung, inkl. Markenidentität, Markenpositionierung, Markenimage, digitale Markenkommunikation und integrierte Kommunikation, gelegt. Anschließend wird die Methodik der Frame-Semantik erläutert, anhand welcher die Analyse durchgeführt wurde. Mittels dieser wurde unter Berücksichtigung der sechs Schlüsselkomponenten der Markenidentität ein Fragebogen entwickelt, dessen Fragen in der Analyse an das Material gestellt wurden. Das Analysematerial umfasst die Websites beider Fluggesellschaften sowie einen Ausschnitt aus den Instagram-Beiträgen. Die Kernbotschaften, die in der Analyse verglichen wurden, stellen die sogenannten Frames dar und beruhen auf Einzelaussagen beider Fluggesellschaften, welche die Füllwerte darstellen. Die Ergebnisse des Vergleichs zeigen, dass beide Fluggesellschaften ihre arabische Markenherkunft, ihre Sponsoring-Aktivitäten und ihren besonders luxuriösen Service und Komfort herausstellen. Beide differenzieren sich durch ihre formale Gestaltung, die sie medienübergreifend integrieren. Zudem differenzieren sie sich durch unterschiedliche Kompetenzen und Leistungen. Während Emirates den Luxus des A380 und der Premium Economy Class sowie Projekte im Bereich Nachhaltigkeit und sozialem Engagement hervorhebt, brüstet sich Qatar Airways mit den verschiedenen Auszeichnungen des Skytrax World Airline Awards, dem Starlink-WLAN an Bord und den Vorzügen des Heimatflughafens
Targeting Healthcare in Armed Conflict : A Scenario-Based Legal Analysis of the al-Shifa Hospital Siege under International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Accountability Mechanisms
No full textThis thesis examines the legal framework governing the protection of healthcare during armed conflict, focusing on the application of international humanitarian law (IHL) and mechanisms for international criminal accountability. It addresses the growing frequency of attacks on healthcare facilities in contemporary conflicts and the legal ambiguities surrounding such actions.
The research question asks: To what extent does IHL prohibit the targeting of healthcare during armed conflict, and how can accountability for alleged violations be pursued through mechanisms such as the International Criminal Court (ICC), with specific reference to the siege of al-Shifa in Gaza?
To answer this, the thesis applies two legal methods: a doctrinal analysis of IHL and a scenario-based legal analysis (SBLA). The doctrinal method clarifies the protections afforded to healthcare under IHL and the ICC’s jurisdictional framework. SBLA is used to apply these norms to allegations arising from the 2023–2024 Israeli siege of al-Shifa Hospital. Rather than determining factual certainty, this method enables a structured assessment of how IHL would apply under varying scenarios, including claims of military use.
The analysis draws on treaty law, customary law, and international jurisprudence to evaluate whether core IHL principles, distinction, proportionality, military necessity, and precaution, were respected. Particular focus is placed on Article 19 of the Fourth Geneva Convention and whether its conditions for the loss of protection were satisfied. The analysis also considers the relevance of international human rights law (IHRL), particularly in the context of occupation. The thesis also explores how the ICC might address such incidents, including the classification of attacks on healthcare as war crimes.
The findings raise concerns about how existing IHL protections are interpreted and applied in practice. While recognising the limitations of available evidence, the thesis finds it doubtful that the legal conditions for targeting al-Shifa Hospital were met. Based on reported allegations, key protections, such as the principle of distinction, issuing effective warnings, presenting credible evidence of military use, and ensuring proportionality, were either not observed or not sufficiently demonstrated.
The thesis also identifies structural weaknesses in the legal framework, particularly the conditional nature of hospital protection and the vague language surrounding “acts harmful to the enemy.” These ambiguities risk being exploited to justify attacks on medical facilities.
While IHL provides strong formal protections for healthcare, the thesis concludes that enforcement remains fragile. It recommends clarifying key legal standards, narrowing interpretive discretion, and strengthening accountability mechanisms to ensure that these protections are meaningfully upheld in practice
Research in Education : Case Cybersecurity Project
No full textThis action research investigates the integration of research into education through the Cybersecurity Project Course at Laurea University of Applied Sciences. The research period spans from spring 2022 to autumn 2024, during which the course produced research and development material for the DYNAMO project. The course, designed for bachelor-level students consists of 5 credits, and is aimed at preparing students with essential research skills in safety, security, risk management, and business information technology (cybersecurity). The study focuses on students' development in applying cybersecurity competence, project management, risk assessment, risk control, and communication skills. The research is focused on providing insights that can be used to optimise future educational programs in cybersecurity and risk management. The course utilises a structured module-based methodology to assess the efficiency of the study unit and its potential to influence the design of future security and risk management training programs. The learning platform, CANVAS, enhances students' learning experiences using various tools. This study focuses on evaluating the knowledge and contributions from the DYNAMO project. Collaboration between cybersecurity students and research, development, and innovation partners is enhanced through action research principles and empirical observation. The tasks in the course's six modules and orientation module help students develop their technical and soft skills. The findings show that students had a positive experience using platforms like Microsoft Teams for project management. Despite some finding the course more theoretical than expected, they valued the focus on writing scientific articles and understanding governance models. The course improved students' project management, risk assessment, and ethical considerations in cybersecurity, and led to the creation of several research papers for the DYNAMO project, offering valuable insights into cybersecurity governance, awareness, and threat intelligence. The study concludes that integrating research into cybersecurity education fosters a research culture, enhances flexibility, and prepares students for future projects. Collaboration with companies is crucial for addressing cybersecurity challenges. The course's structured approach and multi-sensory learning techniques provide an enjoyable experience, equipping students with valuable professional skills. These findings highlight the importance of including real-life research projects in the curriculum to improve students' learning and professional competence in cybersecurity.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Työllisyyskatsaus huhtikuu 2025
No full textTyöllisyyskatsaus perustuu Työnvälitystilaston tietoihin. Työnvälitystilasto kerää tietoja työvoimaviranomaisille ilmoittautuneista työnhakijoista kuten työttömistä työnhakijoista, palveluista sekä ilmoitetuista avoimista työpaikoista. Tiedot kerätään työvoimaviranomaisten asiakaspalvelurekistereistä