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Economic Policy Council Report 2022
No full textThe 2022 Report of the Economic Policy Council was published on 1.2.2023. The council’s ninth report evaluates the government’s economic policy and fiscal sustainability as well other policy issues, including employment and green transition.
The report is in English.nonPeerReviewe
Perception of trust by negotiators within the Food&Beverage industry in the context of international trade fairs in Europe
No full textThe negotiation process is complex and influenced by several underlying factors. International negotiations are further influenced by cultural and social differences. International negotiations are conducted on a daily basis through e-mails and telephone calls. Trade fairs can allow business partners to meet face-to-face. Communication without meeting in person tends to be formal and transactional. In this context trust can be harder to build and manage. The purpose of this thesis is to understand how trust i perceived by experienced negotiators. Furthermore, how they perceive trust to benefit negotiations as well as how that trust is built.
The thesis will present a theoretical framework which introduces the core concepts of effective negotiations and trust, and how trust functions within negotiations.
Four interviews with experienced negotiators were conducted which were then analysed through thematic analysis which allowed the grouping of the responses into different themes.
The results of the study showed that negotiators may not actively consider trust and build processes to facilitate building trust and maintaining it. However, once they reflected on trust it showed that trust can facilitate efficient negotiations and allow for creative solutions within the process. This was especially apparent when faced with challenging situations where trust allowed for cooperation instead of conflict. Key points that were identified to build trust have been identified and presented for practicioners.
The results of the study are useful for the practicioners in negotiations and can allow them to understand the role of trust in negotiations and business relationships. Furthermore, the results offer insight into how trade fairs affect trust in negotiations which can be used by companies to understand the benefits of attending trade fairs in regards to building trust
IRR in Public-Private Partnerships : Case study: Project IRR of four PPP companies in Finnish infrastructure procurements
No full textInfrastructure undertakings have been heavily criticised worldwide and in Finland. The main reasons for the criticism is that these often have budget and time overruns. A possible solution to this is the use of private financing in procurements, or more precisely Public-Private Partnerships. These types of procurements are run by Special Purpose Vehicles, which are private consortiums founded merely for the specific PPP. These consortiums seek as other private companies return on their investments.
Compared to traditional procurements, PPPs have high financing costs, since the private companies involved want sufficient return on their contributions. This means that public funds are used to finance returns in private companies, and the question arises if this is reasonable from the view of taxpayers. The purpose of the thesis is therefore, to research how much the public sector has paid to use PPPs as procurement methods. The purpose more specifically is attempting to answer how much more is paid for PPPs, compared to if traditional procurements were chosen instead. This is done by calculating 4 different Finnish PPP companies' returns by calculating their IRR. Since the purpose is to attempt to answer how much excess is paid for the PPP option, an additional question arises about if the excess paid is reasonable.
The results of the computations show that estimated Project IRR in the Finnish procurements is on average 5.95%, with the excess return yearly being on average 2.72%. Compared to a previous study by Fernandes et al. (2016), this excess return is lower. If budget and time overruns between 17-77% and other benefits of PPPs are taken into consideration, this excess return can be seen as reasonable. The main reason being, that there is a possibility that due to budget optimism traditional procurements could cost in the end more and that due to budget constraints in the public sector, these procurements would have not been built, since resources were not enough
Valtatien 4 parantaminen Joutsan kohdalla, Joutsa : Hankearviointi
No full textValtatie 4 on yksi tärkeimmistä päätieyhteyksistä Suomessa. Tie on osa yleiseurooppalaista TEN-T-ydinverkkokäytävää, ja se on merkittävä yhteys Etelä- ja Pohjois-Suomen välillä. Hankearviointi käsittelee vuonna 2019 valmistunutta aluevaraussuunnitelmaa Valtatien 4 parantaminen Joutsan kohdalla, Joutsa sekä vuonna 2023 valmistunutta toimenpideselvitystä Valtatien 4 parantami-nen välillä Lusi–Kanavuori.
Suunnittelualue sisältää noin 6,3 km valtatietä 4 Joutsan kohdalla. Joutsan keskustan kohdalla tie on yksiajoratainen ja kaksikais-tainen. Keskustan pohjoispuolella Joutsan varalaskupaikalla leveämpi poikkileikkaus on hyödynnetty ohituskaistoina.
Tarkastelualueella valtatien liikennemäärä nykytilanteessa (KVL 2021) vaihtelee välillä 6 500–7 000 ajon./vrk, josta raskasta liikennettä on noin 1 050–1 120 ajon./vrk eli noin 16–17 %. Hankearvioinnin tavoitevuotena käytetään vuotta 2040.
Hankearvioinnin tavoitteena on parantaa pitkämatkaisen tavara- ja henkilöliikenteen sujuvuutta, toimintavarmuutta sekä matka-aikojen ennustettavuutta. Paikallisena tavoitteena on parantaa työ- ja asiointimatkojen sujuvuutta ja turvallisuutta.
Valtatien 4 tavoitetilanteen ratkaisussa varaudutaan Joutsan kohdalla valtatien parantamiseen 2+2-kaistaiseksi keskikaidetieksi, jossa kaikki liittymät toteutetaan eritasoliittyminä ja hidas liikenne ohjataan rinnakkaistieverkolle. Nopeustasotavoite on 100 km/h. Nykyinen, huonokuntoinen Joutsansalmen silta uusitaan. Varalaskupaikan kohdalle rakennetaan rinnakkaistien, joka mahdollistaa varalaskupaikan kiertämisen rauhanajan harjoitustilanteessa.ei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Improving Performance Through Allocation and Competition: Evidence from a Patient Choice Reform
No full textWe study the allocative effects of enhancing consumer choice and non-price competition in markets with heterogeneous producers. We use comprehensive administrative data and a difference-in-differences design based on the introduction of a regional patient choice reform for planned surgeries in Finland. We find that large teaching hospitals attracted more patients and concentration increased in their markets. Waiting times decreased in hospitals exposed to the reform and more patients were treated, with little effect on clinical quality or average surgical expenditure after the reform. Our results suggest that increased choice can reallocate patients towards large producers and improve public hospital performance.nonPeerReviewe
Sotatieteiden päivät 2023 - Sama kaiku on askelten? : abstraktit
No full textHyvä lukija, Suomen Sotatieteellisen Seuran puolesta haluan kiittää kaikkia tämän akateemisen abstraktikokoelman kirjoittajia. Tavoitteenamme on tarjota kirjoittajille foorumi, jolla he voivat asettaa innovatiivisen ajattelunsa julkisen arvioinnin ja keskustelun kohteeksi Santahaminassa pidettävän konferenssin aikana. Ensimmäiset havainnot tiivistelmistä ovat hyvin rohkaisevia. Aiheet ovat merkityksellisiä, ja monet niistä heijastavat Pohjois-Euroopan ja arktisen alueen nykyistä turvallisuusasetelmaa sekä alueen strategisen suuntautumisen ja turvallisuuskulttuurin meneillään olevia rajuja muutoksia. Lisäksi useissa tiivistelmissä korostetaan kiireellistä tarvetta miettiä uudelleen ja uudistaa sekä kollektiivisen lännen että erityisesti Pohjoismaiden ja Baltian maiden turvallisuutta. Myös globaaleja suuntauksia, kuten teknologisen kehityksen tarjoamia laajempia mahdollisuuksia, tarkastellaan. Odotamme innolla tulevia artikkeleita. Koska kyseessä on aivan ensimmäinen kerta, odotamme palautettanne, myös parannusehdotuksia
The Protection of Abortion-Related Rights in the Context of Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
No full textThe thesis examines the protection of abortion rights within the framework of article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Article 12 of the ICESCR protects the right to health and reproductive health and rights are inherent to Article 12. Reproductive rights and freedom encompass the right to have access to medical services relating to reproductive health, and ensuring full accessibility, protects abortionrelated rights for women. However, many women do not enjoy unhindered access to safe abortion and resort to unsafe and clandestine methods of terminating a pregnancy which have disastrous effects on their physical and mental health and may even prove fatal. The objective of the thesis is to examine the protection of abortion-related rights through article 12 of the ICESCR and to prove that abortion rights are important for the full realization of women’s right to health. The aim of the thesis is also to prove that a lack of access to safe abortion and a faulty protection of abortion rights, are discriminatory and unjustified limitations in women’s rights. Furthermore, the aim is to prove that an unjustified limitation in women’s right to reproductive rights are in violation of the State obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the rights in the ICESCR.
The thesis examines different aspects of the protection of the right to health: access to safe abortion and the right to non-discrimination, stereotypical gender aspects, criminalization of abortion and stigmatization of abortion. The issues of the thesis are examined with the ICESCR’s article 12 as a basis and continues to analyze the findings through relevant case-law and General Comments issued by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The central findings of the thesis are indeed that a lack of protection of safe abortion is a violation of women’s right to health and that the protection of abortion-related rights is important to safeguard the right to health for women. The failure of providing safe abortions for women who need it, violates their right to health, self-determination and dignity. Prohibiting or restricting women from obtaining abortions, has disproportionate effects on women and adds to the stigmatization of abortion and the women who undergo it. Furthermore, the failure of a State to provide unhindered access to abortion and ensure protection of abortion-related rights are in violation of the State’s core obligations.
In order to ensure a proper protection, the thesis gives three example on how to transform the protection of access to safe abortion into a comprehensive legal framework: decriminalization, realization of access to safe abortion as an integral part of the right to health and ensuring proper and comprehensive sexual and reproductive education for women and girls. Therefore, it can be concluded that the protection of safe abortion needs protection in hard-law instruments. Protection of safe abortion needs to be considered as an integral part of women’s human rights and women should have unhindered access to safe abortions. The protection of abortion-related rights in the context of Article 12 could also benefit from overlapping jurisprudence from other international courts or treaty bodies, as the case-law examples will show