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The Primary Consideration : The Right to Private Life as a Barrier or Hurdle to Measures Addressing Child Sexual Abuse Material
No full textIn recent years there has been significant increases in reports of the dissemination of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) online. The Proposed EU Regulation to Prevent and Combat Child Sexual Abuse (Proposed Regulation) seeks to combat online child sexual exploitation providing a measure to mandate online platforms and services to utilise CSAM scanning technologies to detect and report CSAM where a significant risk exist that these services are being used for CSAM purposes. This thesis aims analyse the EU Proposed Regulation to determine whether the utilisation of measures mandating CSAM scanning are in compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The main research question is: How could the EU Proposed Regulation and related measures, that mandate the utilisation of CSAM scanning technologies, be framed in a manner that is compliant with the obligations of State Parties to the ECHR with a particular focus on the article 8 right to private life and the article 3 prohibition against torture, inhumane and degrading treatment?
The main research question is supported by four sub-questions, namely; whether States have a positive obligation under articles 3 and 8 to implement measures that mandate CSAM scanning in order to detect CSAM, what role the best interests of the child will play balancing conflicting interests, whether the mandating CSAM scanning through the EU Proposed Regulation would amount to a form of bulk surveillance as conceptualised by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and whether the EU Proposed Regulation incorporates sufficient safeguards to be considered to comply with article 8(2) in the case that the mandating of CSAM scanning is a form of bulk surveillance. The thesis uses a doctrinal approach to assess the EU Proposed Regulation within the ECHR framework. Analysis of ECtHR jurisprudence serves as the main analytical tool used to assess the approach, interpretation and potential application of the ECHR to mandated CSAM scanning. The conclusion reached is that it is possible for the EU Proposed Regulation and potential future national legislation that mandates the use of CSAM scanning to be in compliance with the ECHR. States may have a positive obligation to impose these measures to ensure that their positive obligations under articles 3 and 8 are upheld and ensure the rights of victims and survivors of CSAM offences are protected. Although the EU Proposed Regulation and similar measures are forms of bulk surveillance and result in an interference with article 8(1) for persons who communications are subject to CSAM scanning, this interference with the right to private life may be justified under article 8(2). For such a bulk surveillance regime to be in compliance with article 8(2), end-to-end safeguards must be in place to protect against abuse of the surveillance system and ensure proportionality. The analysis of the EU Proposed Regulation demonstrates that the safeguards set out in ECtHR case law are in place. This shows that measures mandating CSAM scanning may be considered a justified interference with the right to private life in the ECHR framework. The best interests of the child principle indicated the rights of children to health and development are given significant weight over the interests of users to private life where sufficient safeguards are in place
Opas pienruoppauksen toteuttamiseksi
No full textRuoppaukset ja ruoppausmassojen läjitykset ovat meren- ja vesistöjen pohjan koskemattomuutta ja elinympäristöjen tilaa heikentäviä toimia. Pohjaan kohdistuvan vahingon ja menetyksen vaikutus voi olla merkittävä matalilla merialueilla ja rannan läheisyydessä. Yhdessä rehevöitymisen ja pohjien hapettomuuden kanssa ne vaikuttavat elinympäristöjen ja luontotyyppien ekologiseen tilaan. Suomen merenhoitosuunnitelman toimenpideohjelmassa vuosille 2022–2027 (Ympäristöministeriö 2021) korostetaan pienruoppausten suunni¬telmallisuuden ja ohjauksen tehostamista. Pienruoppauksilla voi olla vesistöjemme tilaa ja monimuotoisuutta heikentäviä vaikutuksia niin merillä kuin sisävesillä.Saavutettavuusominaisuudet: navigointi mahdollista, kuvilla vaihtoehtoiset kuvaukset, taulukot saavutettavia, looginen lukemisjärjesty
What legal protection is offered to animals during armed conflicts? An analysis of the legal protection of animals under the IHL during hostilities
No full textAnimals are considered to constitute numerous fundamental assets in the life of humans. Despite this, there are few regulations protecting animals during times of armed conflict. Under the field of international humanitarian law, animals are primarily protected in their role as civilian property and as essential assets for human needs and purposes. The protection of animals that is offered jus in bello is primarily established in the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, as well as in the Hague Convention and its following Regulations. Also, the Rome Statute offers some protection to animals during times of armed conflict. In accordance with these legal instruments, animals are primarily protected due to their role as livestock, which constitutes a fundamental source of nutrition for the civilian population in times of armed conflict. Similarly, wild animals as an integral part of the natural environment are protected since a well-being natural environment is considered a prerequisite for a well-being civilian population. In addition, animals trained for active military duty, which, contrary to the other categories under the IHL, are considered legitimate military targets, are protected from unnecessary suffering and superfluous injury under the principles of international humanitarian law. Whether the combatant status applies to those animals inherently is well debated. While these animals do fulfil most of the prerequisites for the status, which is established in the Geneva Convention, the lack of a moral understanding and ability to explicitly give their consent to participate in the hostilities makes it questionable if they fall out of the scope of application for the combatant status.
Furthermore, animals in all these categories are especially vulnerable to the effects of armed conflicts. As livestock animals are often illegitimately targeted as fundamental assets, both for the civilian population and for the military troops. Additionally, the wild animals living in their natural habitat within, or close to, the ongoing hostilities are undoubtedly affected by the environmental damage that armed conflicts tend to cause. Lastly, animals participating in the hostilities constitute military targets legitimate to attack and eliminate.
However, due to an accelerating development in the legal field of international animal law during recent decades, animals have increasingly been considered sentient beings with an intrinsic value and personal interests. This development has also affected other fields of law, such as international humanitarian law and international environmental law. This development has resulted in the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach inside these fields of law, where already existing legal tools have been adjusted, de lege ferenda and the adoption of new legal mechanisms has been discussed de lege lata
Utredning av genomförbarheten av en fast förbindelse över Kvarken
No full textThe aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of implementing a fixed connection to Kvarken. The transportation need has been assessed in a separate study prepared alongside this one. The study estimates that transport demand is moderate under normal conditions, that there is more demand for road transport than rail transport and, in relative terms, there is more demand for passenger transport than freight transport.
Based on the results of the study, it is possible to establish a fixed connection to Kvarken. There are several feasible solutions available: the connection can be a road, a rail line or a combination of the two, making use of bridges, tunnels and embankment sections for the technical implementation of the connection. Six implementation options have been proposed: road, road partially in tunnel, railway, railway partially in tunnel, railway fully in tunnel and combination road and railway.
This report does not offer an unequivocal ‘best’ or recommended solution. Different implementation options have their own benefits and disadvantages, and whatever is considered ‘best’ depends on the mutual assessment of various impacts. This is why the study highlighted the costs of different options, the impacts on several factors, and the risks and opportunities to support the comparison of the different options.
From a user point of view, the best option would be a combination of road and rail due to the wide-ranging possibilities this offers. From a cost standpoint, the most advantageous option would be a road fully constructed on the surface. Of the technical implementation options for the causeway, the adverse environmental impacts of the railway tunnel are likely to be the lowest.
It would be possible to make the new connection while mostly avoiding protected areas, through which the connection would only pass in short sections. Despite this, all surface solutions would have significant impacts on the Kvarken marine ecosystem. It is not possible to avoid passing through the UNESCO World Heritage Site with the available surface options. Passing through the World Heritage Site could only be avoided with a long shore-to-shore railway tunnel.
Regardless of the option chosen, a project implementation of the fixed connection would be both long-term and costly. Provided that the project makes rapid progress, the connection could be available by the early 2040s. The implementation schedule is strongly dependent on the investment in the project, as the available resources affect the duration of both planning and construction. There are major differences in implementation costs between the different options: the costs for the cheapest implementation option are estimated to be EUR 4.9–8.4 billion and for the most expensive option approximately EUR 30 billion.
If a decision is made to promote the planning and implementation of the fixed connection, it would be a good idea to include the project in strategic planning programmes in both Finland and Sweden in order to make a decision-in-principle on the implementation solution and to prepare for inclusion of the connection in the Ostrobothnia regional plan. The environmental impact assessment process should also be started relatively quickly
Evaluation of Brain MRI super-resolution Images in terms of repeatability and reproducibility
No full textSuper-resolution (SR) imaging techniques have transformed the field of medical imaging by enhancing the visualization of structures at resolutions exceeding the capabilities of conventional imaging or measurement tools. Recently, super-resolution (SR) techniques have demonstrated remarkable advantages, particularly in the reconstruction of highresolution (HR) images from lower-resolution (LR) images. However, current challenges include reducing the variability between different vendors, imaging sites, and sessions. To evaluate the super-resolution images for repeatability and reproducibility at the ROI level, a study was conducted using three different 3T MRI scanners from different vendors, including Siemens, GE, and Philips. The protocols covered using three healthy volunteers for two scanning sessions in each modality (T1w, T2w) with different acquisition matrix sizes (128x128, 256x256, 512x512) corresponding to voxel sizes ranging from 1.5x1.5 mm to 0.1875x0.1875 mm, with 1.5 mm slice thickness during the entire research. In addition, image registration is done using ANTs (Advanced Normalization Tools), brain extraction by FSL’s BET, visual image inspection by ITK-SNAP, and statistical calculations over the mean values at the ROI level by Python. Based on ICC, most of the findings are within the acceptable range for both repeatability and reproducibility. Image matrix quality significantly impacts the variability; the 128x128 matrix shows the highest variation, while the 512x512 matrix demonstrates the highest repeatability. In addition, repeatability was considerably high as indicated by ICC values above 0.9, suggesting T1w and T2w could be used in the future for qMRI, with caution, knowing that the scanning sequence affects the performance
Jämförande analys av förklarande modeller för kliniska beslutsstödsystem
No full textThe rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare has generated both significant opportunities and critical challenges, particularly concerning transparency and trust in algorithmic decision-making. As many AI models, especially, those based on deep learning operate as “black boxes,” there is a growing demand for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques that make these systems interpretable and actionable in clinical settings. This thesis explores the comparative performance of various machine learning models and the utility of explainability methods in predicting 30-day Intensive Care Unit (ICU) readmissions using the MIMIC-IV dataset.
A set of machine learning models including logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, gradient boosting machines, and neural networks were trained and evaluated using standard metrics such as Area Under the Curve (AUC), F1-score, and recall. SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations) were applied to selected models to assess both global and local interpretability. The analysis reveals that ensemble models, particularly gradient boosting, achieve higher predictive accuracy. SHAP proved effective in identifying clinically relevant risk factors such as abnormal vital signs and laboratory values, whereas LIME provided individualized explanations suitable for point-of-care interpretation.
The study contributes to the growing body of literature on XAI in healthcare by empirically comparing model performance and interpretability. However, it also identifies limitations, including the exclusive use of a single dataset, absence of external validation, and lack of clinician-involved usability testing. These limitations highlight the need for further research into the clinical integration, generalizability, and user-centered evaluation of XAI-based CDSS. Ultimately, this thesis underscores the importance of balancing accuracy with transparency to foster trust and adoption of AI systems in high-stakes clinical environments
Understanding Social Exclusion and the Reporting Patterns of Gender-Based Violence in Nigeria : A Thematic Newspaper Analysis
No full textIn Nigeria, gender-based violence (GBV) remains a widespread and persistent issue, despite the presence of legal frameworks and public awareness campaigns aimed at addressing it. While laws such as the Violence Against Persons Prohibition (VAPP) Act exist to protect survivors, cultural, religious, and societal norms continue to influence how women respond to violence and whether they seek formal help. This study focuses specifically on how GBV is addressed in media and how that way of addressing it may influence help-seeking behaviour, using The Punch newspaper as a case study.
Through qualitative content analysis of ten news articles published in 2024, I explore how cultural, institutional, and social factors may influence reporting patterns and help-seeking behaviours among Nigerian women. Using social exclusion theory and thematic analysis as a framework, I examine how media narratives present the position of survivors, the powers of the justice system to address violence, and the role of informal support networks such as religious leaders, family members, and community elders in discouraging women to report GBV. I argue that media framing often reflects broader societal attitudes that can serve to silence survivors and reinforce harmful norms. While some articles highlight the government's efforts and report statistics on GBV, only a few discuss the deeper issues that prevent women from accessing justice or receiving support.
The study finds that many survivors may choose informal help-seeking routes over formal reporting due to distrust in legal institutions, fear of stigma, and social expectations around silence, obedience, and family reputation. These factors contribute to the continued marginalization of survivors and thus the media narratives can be seen as sustaining non-helping –seeking behaviour . Therefore, if there is a desire to increase help-seeking behaviour, there is a need for media reporting that goes beyond statistics and public campaigns to include survivor-centered narratives and critically engage with the root causes of underreporting and social exclusion. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how media can shape public perceptions of GBV and help-seeking, and how it can be used more effectively to support survivors
Medborgarnas påverkningsmöjligheter i kommunens planeringsprocess och spänningarna mellan förtätning och bevarande av naturområden
No full textDet finns ingen koncensus i fall förtätning av stadsmiljöer är någonting positivt eller negativ utan forskning har visat att det både finns negativa och positiva konsekvenser av förtätning. Jag har gjort en fallstudie där jag har kategoriserat 668 kommentarer från Helsingfors stads webbaserade tjänst Kerrokantasi (Säg din åsikt) där invånarna kunde kommentera på Botbyvikens planeringsprinciper år 2020.
Jag är intresserad av medborganas syn på markplanering när kommunen planerar förtätning på grönområden. Mina frågeställningar är följande: Hur stor andel av kommentarerna av Botbyvikens planeringsprinciper är negativa, positiva respektive neutrala gällande byggande på grönområden? Vilka typer av argument för eller emot förtätning används i kommentarerna? Kategorisering av argumenten baserar sig på tidigare forskning. Kategorierna är ekologiska argument, sociala argument, transport argument, hälsoargument, rekreations argument, energiargument och inget argument.
Planeringsprocessen är fastställd i Finland och bestämda moment ska finnas med och invånarna ska kunna påverka på stadsplaneringen. Staden måste ta i beaktande miljökonsekvenser när de planerar staden. Det finns även olika synsätt på invånarnas deltagande i det demokratiska samhället och vissa har en pessimistisk eller en optimistisk syn på det.
Min studie visar att de vanligaste argumenten i medborgarnas kommentarer är ekologiska argument (i 76 % av kommentarerna) och sociala argument (i 30 % av kommentarerna). Majoriteten av kommentarerna är negativa till förtätning och en minoritet är positiva eller neutrala. Kategorierna som är mest kritiska till förtätning är hälso- och ekologiska argument. De kategorier som är mest positiva till förtätning är sociala och transportargument, de här båda kategorierna har också en betydande mängd neutrala kommentarer.
Många städer likaså Helsingfors växer i snabb takt och då står staden inför ett dilemma. Samtidigt som de vet att de måste bygga mera för att människor ska få bostäder och tjänster vet de nu att majoriteten av personerna som kommenterat är negativa till förtätning av Botbyviken
Textilindustrins marina skräp : omfattning, effekter och möjligheter
No full textTextilindustrin är idag lineär, vilket leder till stora mängder utsläpp och avfall. Utsläpp och avfall skapas under textilernas tillverkningsprocess och genom hela livscykeln och sprids till luft, jord och hav. Mikroplast förekommer idag överallt och mikrofibrer från textiler har blivit upptäckta till och med i djuphavsgravar. Textilavfall och mikrofibrer sprids till marina ekosystem om avfall från olika källor inte motverkas. Avloppsvatten är en av de främsta källorna till mikrofibrer i haven. Även i Östersjön påverkas marina organismer av mikroplaster. Mikroplast i haven är oroväckande på grund av befintliga kunskapsluckor kring dess påverkar på marina ekosystem. Det är dessutom nästan omöjligt att avlägsna mikroplasten från haven, vilket gör det avgörande att identifiera avfallskällorna under textilens livscykel.
Företag inom textilbranschen beaktar cirkulär ekonomi bland annat genom användning av återvunnet råmaterial, men det förekommer fortfarande utmaningar i att mekaniskt återvinna konsumenttextiler, speciellt i ett slutet kretslopp. I denna avhandling har en konceptuell figur över textilens livscykel i Finland utvecklats som redskap för att besvara fyra forskningsfrågor: I) Hur ser plastmaterialets flöde ut inom textilens livscykel i Finland? II) Vilka är källorna för marint plastavfall under textilers livscykel och hur hindras det från att nå Östersjön? III) Hur beaktar finska beklädnadsföretag cirkulär ekonomi för att minska på sin plastanvändning och IV) Vilka är utmaningarna med textilåtervinningen och användningen av återvunnet material? Frågorna besvaras med en litteraturöversikt och intervjuer med företag inom textilindustrin i Finland samt ett avloppsreningsverk.
Resultaten visar att informanterna för företagen är medvetna om de olika plastavfallskällor under textilens livscykel. Tillverkningsskedet är den fas i textilens livscykel där de största åtgärderna vidtas för att minska plastanvändningen. Eftersom tillverkningen av textiler huvudsakligen sker utomlands, anser informanterna att plastavfallet från textilindustrin i liten grad hamnar i Östersjön. Avfallshanteringen och avloppsreningen anses vara på en bra nivå i Finland. Finland är en föregångare inom återvinning av konsumenttextiler inom EU. De största utmaningarna med att öka på textilåtervinning i ett slutet kretslopp är det höga priset för återvunna fibrer
samt att återvinningsprocesserna inte är fullt utvecklade. EU:s lagstiftning spelar en central roll i att främja och öka textilåtervinning och i att stimulera efterfrågan på återvunna textiler i framtiden. Det är särskilt större företag inom textilbranschen som påverkas av EU-krav, vilket driver på ökad transparens i företagens värdekedjor
Health-promoting leadership from the perspective of healthcare leaders
No full textWorld Health Organization har flaggat, sedan 2020, för att det kommer finnas en omfattande brist av sjukskötare inom år 2030. Anledningarna till detta är multifaktoriellt men bristande arbetsmiljö, arbetsvillkor och förändringar i samhället är bidragande orsaker till att allt fler sjukskötare väljer att lämna yrket innan de nått pensionsåldern. Hälsofrämjande ledarskap kan vara en del i att behålla sjukskötare i yrket genom att uppmuntra och stöda till hälsa och välmående bland sjukskötare och på så sätt skapa ett långsiktigt välmående på arbetsplatsen.
Syftet med avhandlingen var att undersöka vårdledares uppfattning om hälsofrämjande ledarskap och avsikten var att utgående från vårdledares erfarenheter belysa vilka faktorer som främjar hälsofrämjande ledarskap inom vården.
Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv beskrivande ansats där insamlat material analyserats med syfte att på ett så korrekt och objektivt sätt beskriva vårdledarnas upplevelser och erfarenheter av hälsofrämjande ledarskap.
Den teoretiska utgångspunkten som användes var Teres Bondas caritativa ledarskapsteori som behandlar både caritas och ethos som båda utgör grunden i meningsfullt vårdande.
Resultatet tyder på att personliga egenskaper är starkt förknippade med utfallet av ledarskapet och kommer påverka ledarskapet och arbetsgruppen. Det krävs organisatoriska förutsättningar för att skapa grunder och riktlinjer för att utöva hälsofrämjande ledarskap. Och det krävs kontinuerlig utveckling och utbildning av vårdledare för att ha möjlighet att utöva hälsofrämjande ledarskap.
Slutsatsen blev att personliga egenskaper verkar ha en starkt betydande påverkan på medarbetarnas hälsa och välbefinnande. Studien tyder på att framgångsfaktorer i ett hälsofrämjande ledarskap är att skapa balans i medarbetarnas individuella behov och de organisatoriska förutsättningarna samt att verka och bygga en stark gemenskap i arbetsgruppen och organisationen. Hinder som skapar utmaningar är brister på organisatoriskt stöd, otydliga riktlinjer och maktlöshet relaterat till otillräckliga mandat