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Dinamična razlaga in sodniški aktivizem
No full textThe authors discuss the dynamic interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights and the judicial activism of the European Court of Human Rights, which they describe as necessary companions in protecting convention rights. Dynamic interpretation and judicial activism allow the court to respond to societal changes and appropriately develop judicial law. However, as such departures from a formalistic (static, conservative) understanding of convention provisions affect the stability and predictability of the convention legal system, dynamic interpretation and judicial activism must be applied reasonably and balanced with respect for the principles of judicial self-restraint and the rule of law. Furthermore, the court must consider that its decisions and their implementation depend on the level of consensus and political will among the contracting states in certain areas of human rights protection. The European convention on Human Rights and the European court of Human Rights are discussed as two key foundations of the legal and political identity of broader European integration, based on the values of human dignity and the rule of law.Avtorja obravnavata dinamično razlago Evropske konvencije o človekovih pravicah in sodni aktivizem Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice, ki ju opisujeta kot nujna spremljevalca pri varstvu konvencijskih pravic. Dinamična razlaga in sodni aktivizem omogočata Evropskemu sodišču, da se odziva na družbene spremembe in ustrezno razvija sodno pravo. vendar pa takšni odkloni od formalističnega (statičnega, konservativnega) razumevanja konvencijskih določb vplivajo na stabilnost in predvidljivost konvencijskega pravnega sistema, zato morata biti dinamična razlaga in sodni aktivizem uporabljena razumno ter uravnotežena s spoštovanjem načel sodniškega samoomejevanja in pravne države. Poleg tega mora Evropsko sodišče upoštevati, da njegove odločitve in njihovo izvajanje na določenih področjih varstva človekovih pravic temeljijo na stopnji soglasja in politične volje med državami pogodbenicami. Evropska konvencija o človekovih pravicah in Evropsko sodišče za človekove pravice sta obravnavana kot dva ključna temelja pravne in politične identitete širše evropske integracije, ki temelji na vrednotah človekovega dostojanstva in pravne države
Social stories for the development of social-emotional skills in students with autism spectrum disorder
No full textAvtistične motnje (v nadaljevanju AM) so skupina razvojno-nevroloških motenj, ki trajajo vse življenje in pomembno vplivajo na posameznikovo sporazumevanje, socialne odnose ter doživljanje in razumevanje okolja. Glavni značilnosti in kriteriji AM sta primanjkljaji v socialni komunikaciji in interakciji ter omejeni in ponavljajoči se vzorci vedenja, interesov ali dejavnosti. Posamezniki z AM so še posebej ranljivi na socialnem področju. Področje socialnih veščin lahko pri posameznikih z AM razvijamo s pomočjo različnih obravnav. Med najbolj proučevanimi z dokazi podprtimi pristopi je paradigma socialnih zgodb. Slednje so individualizirane kratke zgodbe, ki se uporabljajo za pomoč posameznikom z AM pri razumevanju družbenih situacij s pomočjo opisovanja in pojasnjevanja ustreznega vedenja.
Pri obravnavi, učenju in spodbujanju socialno emocionalnih veščin je zelo učinkovit pristop s socialnimi zgodbami. V okviru raziskave smo implementirali omenjen pristop, s poudarkom na razvijanju treh izbranih področjih (socialna recipročnost, socialna participacija, upad socialno neželenega vedenja). Kvalitativna raziskava je temeljila na evalvacijskem pristopu proučevanja dveh študij primerov. Vključena sta bila učenca dvojčka, stara 15 let, ki obiskujeta posebni program vzgoje in izobraževanja. Najprej smo z uporabo Autism Social Skills Profile lestvice ter proučitvijo dokumentacije ugotovili, na katerih socialnih področjih imata učenca največ težav. Na podlagi pridobljenih podatkov smo oblikovali individualizirane socialne zgodbe, ki so se nanašale na izbrana področja socialnih veščin (socialna recipročnost, socialna participacija, upad socialno neželenega vedenja) ter jih implementirali. Uporabljene so bile avtorsko izdelane socialne zgodbe po modelu desetih kriterijev (Gray, 2015). Tekom implementacije smo uporabljali različne kriterije oz. metode dela, kot so poslušanje, pogovor, igre vlog, slikovni material, video posnetki ipd. Po zaključku obravnave smo ponovno izpolnili zgoraj omenjeno lestvico ter pogledali v kolikšni meri sta učenca napredovala. Rezultati so pokazali, da sta učenca na opazovanih področjih vedenja izjemno napredovala. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je napredek na področjih primanjkljajev AM potekal sočasno. Učenec A je dosegel znatne spremembe na področju vzdrževanja osebne higiene, na področju spoštljive komunikacije ter sodelovanja z vrstniki. Učenec B je izjemno napredoval na področju osebne higiene, igre s sošolci ter na področju dopuščanja sošolcem, da se mu približajo. Raziskava je bila primer dobre prakse, saj sta učenca napredovala na izbranih področjih (socialna recipročnost, socialna participacija, upad socialno neželenega vedenja). Kot pomanjkljivost raziskave lahko izpostavimo časovno komponento, saj bi rezultati bili še boljši, če bi imeli več časa za razvoj posameznega področja. Glavni doprinos naše raziskave je nastanek 5 novih socialnih zgodb, ki so bile oblikovane kot podpora učencem za razumevanje socialnih situacij.Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of lifelong developmental and neurological disorders that significantly affect an individual’s communication, social relationships, and perception and understanding of the environment. The main characteristics and diagnostic criteria of autism spectrum disorders include deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Individuals with ASD are particularly vulnerable in the social domain. Social skills can be developed in individuals with autism spectrum disorders through various types of interventions. Among the most extensively studied and evidence-based approaches is the social stories paradigm. Social stories are individualized short narratives used to help individuals with ASD understand social situations by describing and explaining appropriate behavior.
In the treatment, teaching, and encouragement of socio-emotional skills, the use of social stories has proven to be a highly effective approach. In the framework of the present research, this method was implemented with an emphasis on developing three selected areas: social reciprocity, social participation, and the reduction of socially undesirable behavior. The qualitative research was based on an evaluative approach involving two case studies. The participants were twin students, both 15 years old, attending a special education program. Initially, by using the Autism Social Skills Profile (ASSP) scale and examining existing documentation, we identified the social domains in which the students showed the greatest difficulties. Based on these findings, individualized social stories were created targeting the selected areas of social skills (social reciprocity, social participation, reduction of socially undesirable behavior) and subsequently implemented. The intervention employed author-developed social stories following the ten-criteria model proposed by Gray (2015). During the implementation, a variety of methods were used, such as listening activities, discussions, role-play, visual materials, and video recordings. Upon completion of the intervention, the previously mentioned scale was re-administered to assess the students’ progress. The results indicated that both students showed remarkable improvement in the observed behavioral domains. Moreover, progress across the areas of ASD-related deficits occurred simultaneously. Student A demonstrated significant changes in maintaining personal hygiene, respectful communication, and peer collaboration. Student B made notable progress in personal hygiene, playing with classmates, and allowing peers to approach him. The research served as an example of good practice, as both students achieved progress in the selected domains (social reciprocity, social participation, reduction of socially undesirable behavior). A limitation of the study was the time component—results could have been even more substantial if more time had been available for the development of each area. The main contribution of our research lies in the creation of five new social stories, designed to support students in understanding social situations
MODERN APPROACHES TO INTERNAL TRANSPORT AND WAREHOUSING
No full textDiplomsko delo obravnava sodobne pristope pri notranjem transportu in skladiščenju, s poudarkom na pregledu tehnoloških rešitev, ki prispevajo k večji učinkovitosti in optimizaciji logističnih procesov. V uvodnem delu so predstavljeni temeljni pojmi in pomen notranjega transporta ter skladiščenja v sodobnih oskrbovalnih verigah. Sledi opis sodobnih tehnologij, kot so avtomatizirani transportni sistemi, avtonomna vozila, inteligentni skladiščni sistemi in uporaba digitalnih orodij za upravljanje pretoka blaga. Nadalje so podrobneje predstavljeni sodobni pristopi, ki temeljijo na integraciji tehnologije, procesni optimizaciji in trajnostnih rešitvah. V zaključnem delu je izvedena SWOT-analiza, ki podaja oceno prednosti, slabosti, priložnosti in nevarnosti ob uvajanju sodobnih rešitev v notranji transport in skladiščenje. Rezultati analize potrjujejo, da sodobne tehnologije omogočajo bistveno povečanje produktivnosti, a hkrati zahtevajo premišljeno načrtovanje, investicije in prilagoditev organizacijskih procesov.The thesis examines modern approaches to internal transport and warehousing, with a particular focus on technological solutions that enhance efficiency and optimise logistics processes. The introductory section outlines the fundamental concepts and the significance of internal transport and warehousing within contemporary supply chains. This is followed by a presentation of modern technologies, such as automated transport systems, autonomous vehicles, intelligent warehouse systems, and the use of digital tools for managing the flow of goods. Furthermore, the study explores modern approaches based on technology integration, process optimisation, and sustainable solutions. In the final part, a SWOT analysis is conducted to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the implementation of modern solutions in internal transport and warehousing. The findings confirm that modern technologies can significantly increase productivityhowever, they also require careful planning, investment, and adaptation of organisational processe
The effect of industrial composting on the vegetative reproduction of invasive alien plant species
No full textInvazivne tujerodne rastline (ITR) so v Sloveniji in drugod po svetu prepoznane kot eden glavnih razlogov za upad biodiverzitete, vpliv pa imajo tudi na gospodarstvo, okolje in zdravje ljudi. Mnoge tujerodne rastlinske vrste gojimo kot okrasne rastline, čeprav so že prepoznane kot invazivne. Invazivne rastline se raznašajo s pomočjo vode, vetra, ptic in človeka, s transportom okužene prsti in odlaganjem odpadnega rastlinskega materiala v naravo. Za odlaganje večine odstranjenih ITR trenutno velja, da je treba ves plodeči material in material, s katerimi se te rastline vegetativno razmnožujejo, pravilno zavreči in oddati material v sežig. Ker pa je to drag in zamuden proces, smo v okviru magistrske naloge preverili, ali industrijsko kompostiranje uniči strukture za vegetativno razmnoževanje ITR. Na območju Slovenije smo nabrali vegetativne propagule 11 invazivnih tujerodnih rastlinskih vrst. Te smo razdelili na tri skupine in sicer eno kontrolno in dve testni skupini. Testni skupini smo shranili v dva kovinska zaboja in ju vključili v proces industrijskega kompostiranja. Med postopkom je bila temperatura več kot 3 dni nad 55 °C, kar je predpisani pogoj za higienizacijo materiala, dosegla pa je tudi temperaturo nad 70 °C. Kontrolno skupino smo takoj po nabiranju posadili v rastlinska korita. Po kompostiranju smo na enak način posadili tudi testni skupini, da bi ugotovili ali so rastlinski deli preživeli. Material iz testnih skupin ni preživel industrijskega kompostiranja, zato lahko trdimo, da je vegetativne propagule ITR varno odlagati v rjave zabojnike za organske odpadke ali med zeleni odrez. Navodila za ravnanje z odstranjenimi deli invazivnih rastlin, sposobnih vegetativnega razmnoževanja, zato lahko poenostavimo, saj jih ni več treba oddajati v sežig.Invasive alien plants (IAP) are recognised in Slovenia and everywhere around the world as one of the main causes for decline of biodiversity and they also affect the economy, environment and human health. Many of them are grown as ornamental plants, even though they have been recognized as invasive. Invasive plants spread with the help of water, wind, birds and humans, through the transport of contaminated soil and the dumping of plant waste into nature. For the disposal of removed IAP, fruiting material and material by which these plants reproduce vegetatively must be properly discarded and submitted for incineration. Because this is an expensive and time-consuming process, we tested within the master\u27s thesis whether industrial composting destroys structures for vegetative reproduction of IAP. In Slovenia, we collected vegetative propagules of 11 invasive alien plant species. We divided them into three groups: one control and two test groups. The test groups were stored in two metal containers and included in the industrial composting process. During the procedure, the temperature was above 55°C for several days and even reached above 70 °C. The control group was planted in plant containers under optimal conditions, and after composting, we also planted the test groups to determine whether the propagules were capable of vegetative reproduction. The test groups did not survive the industrial composting, so we can conclude that vegetative propagules of IAPS can be safely disposed of in brown bins for organic waste. The instructions for dealing with removed vegetative propagules can be simplified, since we don’t need to send them for incineration
Fano coloring of cubic graphs
No full textV diplomskem delu se ukvarjamo s problemom Fano barvanja kubičnih grafov, ki predstavlja zanimivo povezavo med barvanjem povezav, teorijo pretokov in Steinerjevimi trojnimi sistemi. Najprej opredelimo temeljne pojme teorije grafov, pri čemer se osredotočimo na kubične grafe, popolna prirejanja in snarke, ter povzamemo klasične rezultate glede Taitovo barvanja. Fanojevo ravnino opišemo kot najmanjši netrivialni Steinerjev trojni sistem in razložimo njene značilnosti, ki omogočajo določitev Fano barvanja.
V osrednjem delu naloge obravnavamo znane rezultate o Fano barvanju kubičnih grafov brez mostov. Predstavimo zgornje meje za najmanjše število premic Fanojeve ravnine, potrebnih za obarvanje, ter poudarimo ključne odprte domneve, kot sta domneva o štirih premicah in Fulkersonova domneva o šestih popolnih podmnožicah. Razpravo obogatimo s konkretnimi primeri, pri čemer posebej izpostavimo Petersenov graf.This thesis examines the issue of Fano colouring in cubic graphs, a field that establishes a strong link among edge-colouring theory, flow theory, and Steiner triple systems. We start by introducing the essential principles of graph theory pertinent to cubic graphs, such as perfect matchings, bridgeless graphs, and snarks, and then we review classical findings on Tait colourings. The Fano plane is presented as the smallest non-trivial Steiner triple system, and its structural characteristics are analyzed to establish the definition of Fano colourings.
The main section of the thesis centers on recognized findings is related to Fano coloring in bridgeless cubic graphs. We examine upper limits on the smallest quantity of lines in the Fano plane necessary for these colourings and emphasize significant unresolved conjectures, such as the Four-Line Conjecture and Fulkerson’s conjecture regarding six perfect matchings. The theoretical explanation is enhanced with illustrative instances, particularly the Petersen graph.
In the conclusion, we assess the existing theoretical framework and suggest potential avenues for future research, including computational investigations of Fano colourings for larger or more intricate snarks
Večkriterijska odločitvena analiza za vrednotenje ukrepov za obvladovanje padavinskih voda
No full textStormwater control measures (SCMs) are technical elements designed to prevent and mitigate the negative effects of uncontrolled stormwater runoff. Different types of SCM can provide various co-benefits to the surrounding urban environment, making it important to select the most appropriate measure. This study presents a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework for evaluating SCMs based on their optimized design parameters. Six SCM types – bio-retention cells, rain gardens, green roofs, infiltration trenches, detention ponds, and storage tanks – were optimized for a single objective: catchment outflow reduction. The resulting designs were evaluated using MCDA, incorporating additional performance criteria including capital expenditure (CAPEX), operating expenses (OPEX), land take, retained water, detained water, and plant space. The compromise programming method was applied to rank SCM scenarios based on their proximity to an ideal solution. Results indicate that landscape-integrated SCMs, particularly detention ponds, offer the most balanced performance, combining low costs with high co-benefits. Building-integrated SCMs, such as green roofs and rainwater-harvesting storage tanks, scored moderately, while underground storage tanks – representing grey infrastructure – performed the worst due to high costs and lack of co-benefits. The proposed evaluation framework enables transparent, criteria-based comparison of SCMs and supports informed decision-making in urban stormwater planning.Ukrepi za obvladovanje padavinskih voda (UOPV) so inženirski objekti, namenjeni preprečevanju in blažitvi negativnih posledic nenadzorovanega površinskega odtoka. Raznovrstni UOPV lahko zagotovijo različne vrste dodatnih koristi v urbanem okolju, zato je ključna izbira najprimernejšega ukrepa. Ta študija predstavlja okvir večkriterijske odločitvene analize za vrednotenje UOPV na podlagi njihovih optimiziranih karakteristik. Šest vrst UOPV – bioretenzijske enote, deževni vrtovi, zelene strehe, infiltracijski jarki, suhi zadrževalniki in zbiralniki – je bilo optimiziranih s ciljem zmanjšanja odtoka iz prispevnega območja. Optimizirani ukrepi so bili ovrednoteni z večkriterijsko odločitveno analizo, ki vključuje dodatne kriterije učinkovitosti: investicijske stroške, obratovalne stroške, potrebno površino, shranjeno vodo, zadržano vodo in prostor za rastline. Z metodo kompromisnega programiranja so bili scenariji UOPV nato razvrščeni glede na njihovo odstopanje od idealne rešitve. Rezultati kažejo, da so najbolj učinkoviti v krajino vključeni ukrepi, zlasti suhi zadrževalniki, saj združujejo manjše stroške z visokimi dodatnimi koristmi. V objekte vključeni ukrepi, kot so zelene strehe in zbiralniki deževnice, so dosegli zmerne rezultate, medtem ko so podzemni zbiralniki (tj. siva infrastruktura) zaradi visokih stroškov in pomanjkanja dodatnih koristi dosegli najslabše rezultate. Predlagani okvir omogoča pregledno primerjavo UOPV na podlagi kriterijev in podpira informirano odločanje pri načrtovanju urbane odvodnje
Optimization of a driving speed profile of line-following mobile robot
No full textV okviru naloge smo pregledali obstoječe rešitve na področju optimizacije hitrostnih profilov vožnje mobilnih robotov za sledenje črti. Pri tem smo se osredotočili predvsem na rešitve, ki so za krmiljenje uporabile PID krmilnik ter rešitve, ki so za krmiljenje uporabile strojno učenje. Na podlagi pregledane literature smo nato tudi sami zasnovali sistem za
optimizacijo hitrostnih profilov, pri čemer smo za krmiljenje uporabili PID krmilnik. V eksperimentih smo uporabili že obstoječega mobilnega robota, razvitega na Fakulteti za strojništvo Univerze v Ljubljani. V tej nalogi razviti postopek optimizacije poteka tako, da z mobilnim robotom najprej počasi prevozimo pot in jo nato rekonstruiramo na podlagi
izmerkov senzorjev robota. Za tem izvedemo računalniško simulacijo in v njej s spreminjanjem parametrov hitrosti vožnje poiščemo optimalen hitrostni profil po poti vožnje. Nazadnje kombinacijo parametrov vožnje, ki je v simulaciji dala najboljši hitrostni profil, prenesemo še na fizičnega robota in jo upoštevamo v realni vožnji. Uspešnost optimizacije hitrostnih profilov smo preizkusili na dveh različno zahtevnih realnih progah.In this thesis, existing solutions in the field of driving speed profile optimization of linefollowing robots were researched. The main focus was on solutions that used a PID controller or machine learning methods to control the robot. Based on this literature analysis, a system for speed profile optimization was developed using a PID controller for the control of the robot. An existing mobile robot, which was developed at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Ljubljana, was used in the experiments. The optimization process developed in this study begins with the mobile robot slowly driving along the path and then reconstructing it based on the measurements from the robot\u27s sensors. After that, a computer simulation is used to find the best speed profile by changing the driving speed parameters along the path. Finally, the most successful parameter combination, which yielded the best speed profile, is tested on the real-world robot. The effectiveness of speed profile optimization was evaluated on two real paths of different difficulty
Designing sustainable packaging for confectionery
No full textV magistrskem delu je predstavljen moj projekt, v katerem sem za slovensko podjetje, ki se ukvarja s proizvodnjo slaščic, oblikoval trajnostno embalaža za njihove produkte. Koncept temelji na izboljšanju trenutne embalaže, ki jo uporabljajo v podjetju skozi vidik trajnosti.
V prvem delu sem podrobno analiziral trenutno svetovno problematiko embaliranja prehranskih izdelkov, raziskal trenutno stanje v podjetju in analiziral izdelke za embaliranje. Prav tako sem podrobno raziskal področje trajnostne embalaže, analiziral primerne materiale in se seznanil s slovensko ter evropsko embalažno zakonodajo. Na podlagi opravljene raziskave v prvem delu sem postavil izhodišča za načrtovalsko fazo, v kateri sem nato razvijal rešitev. Trajnostni element se je v procesu precej spreminjal, saj sem najprej želel z uporabo bolj trajnostnih materialov poiskati primerno rešitev, a se je to izkazalo za neuspešno. Trenutna razpoložljivost razgradljivih embalažnih materialov, primernih za velikoserijsko uporabo v izbranem segmentu, žal še ne omogoča možnosti prehoda na bolj trajnostne rešitve. Končna rešitev je tako odraz optimizacije embalažnega procesa v povezavi s sekundarnim produktom, ki izvira iz ponovne uporabe surovin, ki jih uporabljajo v podjetju.The master\u27s thesis presents my project in which I designed sustainable packaging for a Slovenian company engaged in the production of confectionery products. The concept is based on improving the current packaging used in the company from a sustainability perspective.
In the first part, I analyzed the current global issues of food packaging in detail, researched the current situation in the company, and analyzed packaging products. I also researched the field of sustainable packaging in detail, analyzed suitable materials, and became familiar with Slovenian and European packaging legislation. Based on the research conducted in the first part, I set the starting points for the planning phase during which I developed a solution. The sustainability element changed considerably during the process because I first wanted to find a suitable solution by using more sustainable materials. However, this proved unsuccessful. Unfortunately, the current availability of degradable packaging materials suitable for large-scale use in the selected segment does not yet allow the possibility of switching to more sustainable solutions. Thus, the final solution is a reflection of the optimization of the packaging process in connection with a secondary product that originates from the reuse of raw materials used in the company
Al prav se reče kákšen ali kàkšen: o gimnazijskem pravorečju
No full textPrispevek se ukvarja s srednješolskim pravorečjem in z načelnimi vprašanji normativnosti. Pokaže, kako področje obravnavajo zavezujoči uradni dokumenti in kakšne so dejanske razmere, ter je kritičen do škodljivih posledic dveh vrst: ene izhajajo iz vpliva, ki ga ima na šolo lingvistična stroka, druge iz zahtev mature, ki kot orodje selekcije določa vsebino pouka in postaja prvo merilo kakovosti učiteljevega dela. Avtor premišljuje o možnostih izboljšav.This article deals with high school orthoepy and with general issues of linguistic normativity. It presents directives in official documents and the actual situation. It contains critical views regarding the traditionally strong influence of Slovenian academic linguists on first language teaching. The high school leaving exam is also discussed because it influences teaching content and is becoming an important measure of the quality of teachers’ work. Possibilities for improvement are considered
Nevtralne oblike (polj. neutratywy) kot predlog jezikovnega izražanja spolne nebinarnosti v poljščini
No full textV prispevku bomo predstavili jezikovne prakse, ki jih predlagajo spolno nebinarne osebe za izražanje lastnih identitet v poljščini. Obravnava temelji na jezikovnem gradivu s spletne strani zaimki.pl. Na njej so predstavljeni predlogi novih oblik - inovacij, ki se nanašajo na različne besedne vrste: samostalnike, pridevnike, zaimke in glagole. Osebe, katerih spol se ne umešča v moško-ženski (binarni) spolni sistem, ponujajo možnosti različnih oblik kot odraz vključujoče rabe jezika. Analizo omejujemo na t. i. nevtralne oblike (polj. neutratywy). Proučujemo postopke njihovega nastajanja in vzorce pregibanja ter možnosti uresničevanja te prakse v vsakodnevni jezikovni rabi.This article presents a proposal for the linguistic expression of gender non-binarity in Polish. It is based on linguistic material from the pronouns.pl website, which presents suggestions for new forms referring to various word types: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs. The discussion centers on the linguistic practices proposed by gender nonbinary persons to express their own identities in Polish. Those whose gender does not align with the male‒female (binary) gender system are offered the possibility of different forms as a reflection of inclusive language use. This analysis focuses on so-called neutral forms (Pol. neutratywy). It examines the processes of their formation and patterns of inflection, as well as the possibilities of realizing this practice in everyday language use