123903 research outputs found
Sort by
Learning with noisy labels [~re]visited
No full textLearning with noisy labels (LNL) is a subfield of supervised machine learning investigating scenarios in which the training data contain errors. While most research has focused on synthetic noise, where labels are randomly corrupted, real-world noise from human annotation errors is more complex and less understood. Wei et al. (2022) introduced CIFAR-N, a dataset with human-labeled noise and claimed that real-world noise is fundamentally more challenging than synthetic noise. This study aims to reproduce their experiments on testing the characteristics of human-annotated label noise, memorization dynamics, and benchmarking of LNL methods. We successfully reproduce some of the claims but identify some quantitative discrepancies. Notably, our attempts to reproduce the reported benchmark reveal inconsistencies in the reported results. To address these issues, we develop a unified framework and propose a refined benchmarking protocol that ensures a fairer evaluation of LNL methods. Our findings confirm that real-world noise differs structurally from synthetic noise and is memorized more rapidly by deep networks. By open-sourcing our implementation, we provide a more reliable foundation for future research in LNL
Impact of physical activity on the daily rest of preschool children in kindergarten
No full textNamen diplomskega dela je bil proučiti, kako različne stopnje intenzivnosti gibalnih
dejavnosti vplivajo na čas uspavanja in trajanje dnevnega spanja predšolskih otrok v vrtcu.
Raziskava je temeljila na opazovanju skupine otrok iz prvega starostnega obdobja in je zajela
dvajsetdnevno spremljanje otrok, ki so izmenično sodelovali v nizko- in visokointenzivnih
gibalnih dejavnostih pred počitkom.
V raziskavo je bilo vključenih štirinajst otrok, starih od enega do treh let. Podatki o
intenzivnosti gibanja, času uspavanja in trajanju spanja so bili zbrani z opazovalnimi
formularji ter analizirani z osnovnimi deskriptivnimi statistikami, t-testi za odvisne vzorce in
korelacijsko analizo. Rezultati so pokazali, da so otroci po visokointenzivnih gibalnih
dejavnostih zaspali hitreje kot po nizkointenzivnih dejavnostih, pri čemer je bil čas uspavanja
statistično značilno krajši. Prav tako so otroci po visokointenzivnih dejavnostih v povprečju
spali dlje kot po dejavnostih nizke intenzivnosti.
Ugotovitve kaţejo, da lahko premišljeno načrtovanje intenzivnejših gibalnih dejavnosti pred
počitkom prispeva k hitrejšemu umirjanju otrok in k daljšemu trajanju njihovega spanja.The purpose of the thesis was to investigate how diffirent levels of physical activity intensity
affect the time it takes to fall asleep and the duration of daytime sleep in preschool children in
kindergarten. The research was based on observing a group of children aged 1–3 years and
involved a twenty-day monitoring period in which children alternated between low- and high-
intensity physical activities priop to their daytime nap.
The study included fourteen children aged 1–3 years. Data on movement intensity, time to fall
asleep, and sleep duration were collected using observation forms and analysed using basic
descriptive statistics, paired-sample t-tests, and correlation analysis. The results showed that
after high-intensity physical activities, children fell asleep faster than after low-intensity
activities, with a statistically significant shorter latency to sleep. Furthermore, children, on
average, slept longer after high-intensity activities than after low-intensity activities.
The findings indicate that carefully scheduling higher-intensity physical activities before the
daytime nap can promote faster calming in children and extend their sleep duration
Cybersecurity of the State in Crisis Situations
No full textDiplomsko delo obravnava problematiko kibernetske varnosti države v kriznih situacijah, s posebnim poudarkom na zaščiti kritične infrastrukture pred sodobnimi oblikami kibernetskega vojskovanja. V teoretičnem delu so opredeljeni ključni koncepti, kot so CIA triada, ranljivosti ničtega dne in časovne bombe, ter vloga programske kode kot sodobnega orožja. Analiza se osredotoča na prepletenost informacijske (IT) in operativne tehnologije (OT), ki povečuje ranljivost državnih sistemov. Skozi sistematičen pregled študij primerov – od napada na Estonijo (2007) in Stuxneta (2010) do napadov na ukrajinsko elektroenergetsko omrežje (2015) in hibridnih napadov na dobavno verigo (Izrael, 2024) – delo prikazuje evolucijo groženj od motenja storitev do fizičnega uničenja infrastrukture. Ugotovljeno je, da tradicionalna pasivna obramba (požarni zidovi, izolacija omrežij) ne zadošča več za zagotavljanje nacionalne varnosti. Delo utemeljuje potrebo po implementaciji aktivnih obrambnih mehanizmov, vključno s protinapadi in preemptivnim delovanjem, ter poudarja pomen odpornosti in hitre obnove sistemov. Posebna pozornost je namenjena pravno-etičnim izzivom, zlasti problemu atribucije napadov in delovanju v "sivi coni" med mirom in vojno. Zaključek podaja smernice za krepitev nacionalne kibernetske varnosti v Sloveniji in širše.The thesis analyzes the challenges of state cybersecurity in crisis situations, focusing on the protection of critical infrastructure against modern forms of cyber warfare. The theoretical part defines key concepts such as the CIA triad, zero-day vulnerabilities, time bombs, and the role of software code as a modern weapon. The analysis focuses on the convergence of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT), which increases the vulnerability of state systems. Through a systematic review of case studies—ranging from the attack on Estonia (2007) and Stuxnet (2010) to the attacks on the Ukrainian power grid (2015) and hybrid supply chain attacks (Israel, 2024)—the thesis illustrates the evolution of threats from service disruption to physical infrastructure destruction. It is established that traditional passive defense (firewalls, network isolation) is no longer sufficient to ensure national security. The thesis argues for the necessity of implementing active defense mechanisms, including counter-attacks and preemptive actions, while emphasizing the importance of resilience and rapid system recovery. Special attention is given to legal and ethical challenges, particularly the problem of attack attribution and operations in the "gray zone" between peace and war. The conclusion provides guidelines for strengthening national cybersecurity in Slovenia and beyond
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON INDIVIDUALS WITH SECOND DEGREE BURNOUT SYNDROME
No full textNamen tega magistrskega diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti in raziskati učinke strukturiranega
vadbenega kineziološkega programa na posameznike z drugo stopnjo sindroma izgorelosti. V
obdobju 12 tednov smo skupaj spremljali 27 udeležencev, starih med 25 in 60 let, ki smo jih
razdelili v dve skupini: eksperimentalno (15) in kontrolno (12). Nihče od njih pred tem ni bil redno
fizično aktiven. Vadba je zanje predstavljala nekaj novega. Na začetku smo z vsakim udeležencem
izvedli intervju, izpolniti pa je moral tudi vprašalnik. Program telesne vadbe je zajemal 12-
tedensko vadbo (po dvakrat tedensko) pod kineziološkim vodstvom. Poudarek je bil na mišični
sprostitvi, zmerni aerobni aktivnosti ter gibljivosti in mobilnosti sklepov. Po koncu vadbenega
procesa (12 tednih) smo z udeleženci vse intervjuje in izpolnitev vprašalnikov ponovili.
Ugotovljeno je bilo statistično značilno izboljšanje v eksperimentalni skupini pri naslednjih
parametrih: zadovoljstvo z življenjem (+ 2,6 ocene, p < 0,001), splošno počutje in zdravje (- 6,7
ocene, p < 0,001), somatska anksioznost (- 3,9 ocene, p < 0,001), kognitivna anksioznost (- 4,3
ocene, p < 0,001), samozavest (+ 2,80 ocene, p < 0,001), konstruktivno soočanje s stresom (+ 3,5
ocene, p < 0,001) ter izgorelost (- 8,3 ocene, p < 0,001). Pri vseh navedenih parametrih smo
ugotovili statistično značilen učinek časa ter učinek interakcije časa in skupine. Dva parametra
sta pri ocenjevanju imela nekoliko drugačen izid. Pri ocenjevanju rezultatov za nekonstruktivno
soočanje s stresom po koncu vadbenega procesa nismo ugotovili statistično značilnega učinka
časa, niti učinka interakcije časa in skupine. Smo pa pri vadbeni skupini ugotovili statistično
značilno izboljšanje v ocenah nekonstruktivnega soočanja s stresom (- 1,7 ocene, p = 0,020). Pri
ocenjevanju osebnostne čvrstosti smo ugotovili statistično značilen učinek časa, vendar pa ne
tudi značilnega učinka interakcije časa in skupine. Kljub temu smo tudi tu pri eksperimentalni
skupini ugotovili statistično značilno izboljšanje (+ 3,0 ocene, p = 0,002) v ocenah osebnostne
čvrstosti. V kontrolni skupini nismo opazili pomembnih sprememb, iz česar lahko sklepamo, da
je redna telesna aktivnost izrednega pomena za izboljšanje psihičnega zdravja in obvladovanja
simptomov izgorelosti.The purpose of this master\u27s thesis was to determine and investigate the effects of a structured
exercise kinesiology program on individuals with the second degree of burnout syndrome. Over a
period of 12 weeks, we monitored a total of 27 participants aged between 25 and 60, who were
divided into two groups: an experimental group (15) and a control group (12). None of the
participants participated in any physical activity regularly. Exercise was presented as a new form
of activity in their lives. In the beginning, we conducted an interview with each participant, where
each of them also filled out a questionnaire. The physical exercise program included 12 weeks of
exercise activity (two times a week) under kinesiological guidance. The emphasis of the exercise
program was on muscle relaxation, moderate aerobic activity, flexibility and joint mobility. After
the end of the training process (12 weeks), we repeated all the interviews and filling of the
questionnaires. A statistically significant improvement was found in the experimental group in
the following parameters: life satisfaction (+2.6 scores, p < 0.001), general well-being and health
(-6.7 scores, p < 0.001), somatic anxiety (-3, 9 scores, p < 0.001), cognitive anxiety (-4.3 scores,
p< 0.001), self-confidence (+2.80 scores, p < 0.001), constructive coping with stress (+3.5 scores,
p< 0.001) and burnout (-8.3 scores, p< 0.001). For all the parameters listed so far, we found a
statistically significant effect of time and an interaction effect of time and group. 2 parameters
had a slightly different outcome when evaluated. When evaluating the results for non-
constructive coping with stress after the end of the exercise process, we did not find a statistically
significant effect of time, nor an interaction effect of time and group. However, we also found a
statistically significant improvement in the ratings of unconstructive coping with stress in the
exercise group participants (-1.7 ratings, p =0.020). When assessing personal firmness, we found
a statistically significant effect of time, but not a significant interaction effect of time and group.
Nevertheless, we also found a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group
(+3.0 points, p = 0.002) when assessing personal firmness. No significant changes were observed
in the control group, from which we can conclude that regular physical activity is a good
intervention for improving mental health and managing burnout and stress related symptoms
Tawada Yōko: Language and Identity in Diaspora
No full textDiplomsko delo raziskuje definicijo, pomen in zgodovino diaspore. Raziskuje vpliv diaspore na jezik in identiteto posameznika in skupnosti. V diplomskem delu je predstavljena tudi literatura diaspore in njene značilnosti, ki so predstavljene z analizo dela japonske avtorice Tawada Yōko, z naslovom Chikyū ni chiribamerarete 地球にちりばめられて (Scattered All Over the Earth). Tawada Yōko je japonska pisateljica, ki živi v Nemčiji že od 22. leta, zato je odlična predstavnica literature diaspore, v svojih delih pogosto raziskuje posledice migracije na posameznikovo identiteto in jezikovno izkušnjo ter izkušnje priseljencev v državi gostiteljici. Diplomsko delo raziskuje tudi japonsko diasporo po svetu in v Nemčiji.The thesis explores the definition, significance, and history of the diaspora. It examines the impact of the diaspora on the language and identity of individuals and communities. The thesis also presents diaspora literature and its characteristics, illustrated through the analysis of the work Chikyū ni chiribamerarete 地球にちりばめられて (Scattered All Over the Earth) by Japanese author Tawada Yōko. Tawada Yōko is a Japanese writer who has been living in Germany since the age of 22, making her an excellent representative of diaspora literature. In her works, she often explores the consequences of migration on individual identity and language experience, as well as the experiences of immigrants in the host country. The thesis also investigates the Japanese diaspora around the world, with a particular focus on Germany
Učenje o trajnostnosti v globalnem kontekstu digitalne preobrazbe v izobraževanju učiteljev
No full textWebinars are a powerful digital tool for learning about sustainability in a global context. The implementation of different technologies in teacher education, such as webinars, is becoming indispensable due to digital transformation and internationalisation processes. In this context, digital competences are described as key to quality education and a sustainable future. In teacher education, there is little evidence on how digital tools can be used for learning about sustainability. Based on the Teach4Reach project, a two-year international study on the Sustainable Development Goals in teacher education describes learning experi-ences in webinars by presenting selected vignettes. The question is how digitisation can support learning on sustainability in a global context of quality education. We conclude that webinars are a digital tool that supports knowledge building and collaborative learning in an international context but that their specific properties need to be recognised. The vignettes exemplify various challenges and opportunities presented by webinars, such as the fundamental role of facilitators, ease of access to the online environment, different behaviours of participants and un-knowns about the learning outcomesSpletni seminarji so učinkovito digitalno orodje za učenje o trajnostnosti v globalnem kontekstu. Implementacija različnih tehnologij v izobraževanju učiteljev, kot so spletni seminarji, postaja nepogrešljiva zaradi digitalne transformacije in procesov internacionalizacije. V tem kontekstu so digitalne kompetence opisane kot ključne za kakovostno izobraževanje in trajnostno prihodnost. V izobraževanju učiteljev je malo dokazov o tem, kako je mogoče digitalna orodja uporabiti za uče-nje o trajnostnosti. Dveletna mednarodna študija o ciljih trajnostnega razvoja v izobraževanju učiteljev, ki temelji na projektu Teach4Reach, s predstavitvijo izbranih vinjet opisuje učne izkušnje v spletnih seminar-jih. Vprašanje je, kako lahko digitalizacija podpira učenje o trajnostnosti v globalnem kontekstu kakovostnega izobraževanja. Ugotavljamo, da so spletni seminarji digitalno orodje, ki podpira pridobivanje znanja in sodelovalno učenje v mednarodnem kontekstu, vendar je treba prepoznati njihove posebne lastnosti. Vinjete ponazarjajo različne izzive in priložnosti, ki jih predstavljajo spletni seminarji, kot so: temeljna vloga moderatorjev, preprost dostop do spletnega okolja, različno vedenje udeležencev in pomanjkanje podatkov o učnih izidih
Strukturna karakterizacija verižnih trioksidov in njihovih kovinskih in organokovinskih kompleksov
No full text-
Literarni zgodovinarji o čustvenosti Simona Gregorčiča
No full textPrispevek prinaša poglede slovenskih, hrvaških in srbskih literarnih zgodovinarjev, nastale med letoma 1882 in 2006, o čustveni naravi pesnika Simona Gregorčiča. Njegova občutljivost in čustvenost izvirata iz njegove čiste duše ter nežnega in plemenitega srca. V Gregorčičevi osebnosti se prepletajo tri podobe: človek, pesnik in duhovnik. Nasprotja v njem so nastajala iz mnogih naključij in posebnosti njegove narave.This article deals with the views of Slovenian, Croatian, and Serbian literary historians from 1882 to 2006 on the emotional nature of the Slovenian poet Simon Gregorčič. Gregorčič’s sensitivity and emotionality originates from his pure soul and gentle and noble heart. Three images intertwine in his personality: man, poet, and priest. The contradictions in him arose from many coincidences and idiosyncrasies of his nature
Računalniška analiza čustev in tem v Wikiviru
No full textV prispevku predstavimo računalniško analizo tem in čustev v korpusu slovenske književnosti, prosto dostopni v repozitoriju Wikivir. Pri tem predstavimo tako pristop k izgradnji korpusa, ki ga želimo v analizo ponuditi tudi drugim raziskovalcem v okviru platforme SketchEngine in na repozitoriju Clarin, kot tudi metodo za analizo čustev in prevladujočih tematik v obsežnih podatkovnih zbirkah. Pri raziskavi poskušamo izpostaviti glavne tematske poudarke v različnih časovnih obdobjih, žanrih in pri različnih avtorjih ter prevladujoča čustva, pri čemer uporabimo tako leksikonski pristop kot tudi analizo sentimenta. Kljub neprecenljivemu bogastvu digitaliziranega slovenskega leposlovja na Wikiviru je bil ta vir zaradi zapletenosti označevalnika MediaWiki, razpršenosti prenesenih besedil ter zahtevnosti pretvarjanja in procesiranja besedil do zdaj slabo izkoriščen za obsežnejše raziskave, ki bi temeljile na računalniškem procesiranju naravnega jezika. Za namene te raziskave smo pripravili korpus prosto dostopne slovenske književnosti, ki zajema nekaj več kot 62 milijonov besed, nabranih iz 22.919 različnih besedil, ki so v Wikiviru (nekonsistentno) označena z več kot 2000 različnimi kategorijami oz. metapodatki (avtor, leto, stoletje, žanr ipd.). Te podatke poskušamo z uporabo računalniških pristopov tudi sistematizirati ter natančneje predstaviti distribucijo besedil, objavljenih v Wikiviru.This article presents a computational analysis of themes and emotions in the corpus of Slovenian literature, freely available on Wikivir (i.e., the Slovenian Wikisource). It presents the approach used to build the corpus, which is also made freely available to other researchers, as well as the method for analyzing emotions and predominant topics in large databases. The research highlights the main thematic emphases in different time periods, genres, and authors, as well as the predominant emotions, using both a lexical approach and sentiment analysis. Despite the invaluable wealth of the digitized Slovenian literature on Wikivir, this source has been underutilized for more extensive research based on natural language processing due to the complexity of the MediaWiki tagger, the dispersion of transferred texts, and the complexity of text conversion and processing. For the purposes of this research, a corpus of freely accessible Slovenian literature was compiled, comprising just over 62 million words collected from 22,919 texts, which are (inconsistently) annotated on Wikivir with over two thousand categories or metadata (author, year, century, genre, etc.). These data are also being systematized using automatized approaches, thus presenting a more accurate distribution of texts published on Wikivir
Determination of variants in the IDH1 and IDH2 genes by Sanger sequencing
No full textIzocitrat dehidrogenaza (IDH) je encim, ki katalizira oksidativno dekarboksilacijo izocitrata v α-ketoglutarat ter predstavlja enega izmed encimov Krebsovega cikla. Reakcija, ki jo katalizira izocitrat dehidrogenaza, pa predstavlja tudi eno izmed glavnih presnovnih poti nastanka molekule NADPH – pomembnega celičnega reducenta. Različice v genih IDH so pretežno somatske in se nahajajo v ključnih argininih v aktivnem mestu, ki so odgovorni za vezavo substrata izocitrata – to so R132 v IDH1 ter R140 in R172 v IDH2. Mutiran encim izocitrat dehidrogenaza pridobi neomorfno funkcijokatalizira pretvorbo α-ketoglutarata v onkometabolit 2-hidroksiglutarat. Posledice tega pa so metabolne spremembe, hipermetilacija DNA in histonov ter redoks neravnovesje. Različice v IDH1 ali IDH2 se pojavljajo pri 5–7 % bolnikov z mielodisplastičnimi novotvorbami in 20 % bolnikov z akutno mieloično levkemijo. Večinoma se pojavljajo pri starejših, imajo negativen prognostični pomen in so povezane s slabšim celokupnim preživetjem. Hkrati pa imajo različice v genih IDH tudi terapevtski pomen, saj je pri teh bolnikih poleg standardnega načina zdravljenja na voljo tudi tarčno zdravljenje s specifičnimi nizkomolekularnimi zaviralciivosidenib za IDH1 in enasidenib za IDH2. Ker je predvsem pri diagnozi akutne mieloične levkemije treba čim prej začeti zdravljenje, potrebujemo hitro metodo za določanje teh različic, za kar je primerna metoda sekvenciranje po Sangerju, s katero pridobimo rezultat že v nekaj dneh. Zato smo v okviru magistrske naloge izvedli validacijo metode sekvenciranja po Sangerju za določanje različice R132 v genu IDH1 ter različic R140 in R172 v genu IDH2, pri čemer smo se osredotočili na primerjavo naše metode z do sedaj uporabljano metodo sekvenciranja naslednje generacije, ki pa je za ta namen preveč časovno zamudna. Dokazali smo 100 % analitično občutljivost, 100 % analitično specifičnost, 100 % natančnost znotraj serije, 100 % natančnost med serijami in 100 % ponovljivost med aparati. Mejo zaznave smo postavili na 15 % mutirane DNA v vzorcu, kar je ustrezno glede na klinično uporabnost, saj imajo bolniki ob diagnozi akutne mieloične levkemije ali mielodisplastičnih novotvorb praviloma občutno višji delež mutirane DNA. Validacija je bila uspešna, saj smo dokazali, da je metoda ustrezna za predviden klinični namen in s tem pripravljena za uporabo v rutinski diagnostiki.Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate and is one of the enzymes of the Krebs cycle. The reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase also represents one of the major metabolic pathways for the formation of NADPH, an important cellular reducing agent. Variants in the IDH genes are predominantly somatic and are located at key arginine residues in the active site responsible for binding the substrate isocitrate—namely R132 in IDH1 and R140 and R172 in IDH2. The mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme acquires a neomorphic function, catalyzing the conversion of α-ketoglutarate into the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate. The consequences of this include metabolic alterations, DNA and histone hypermethylation, and redox imbalance. Variants in IDH1 or IDH2 occur in 5–7 % of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and in 20 % of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. They occur predominantly in older patients, have a negative prognostic impact, and are associated with poorer overall survival. At the same time, variants in the IDH genes also have therapeutic significance, as in addition to standard treatment, targeted therapy with specific small-molecule inhibitors is available for these patients—ivosidenib for IDH1 and enasidenib for IDH2. Because in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia it is crucial to initiate treatment as soon as possible, a rapid method for detecting these variants is required. Sanger sequencing is suitable for this purpose, as results can be obtained within a few days. Therefore, within the framework of the master’s thesis, we performed a validation of the Sanger sequencing method for the detection of the R132 variant in the IDH1 gene and the R140 and R172 variants in the IDH2 gene, focusing on a comparison of our method with the previously used next-generation sequencing method, which is too time-consuming for this purpose. We demonstrated 100 % analytical sensitivity, 100 % analytical specificity, 100 % within-run accuracy, 100 % between-run accuracy, and 100 % inter-instrument reproducibility. The limit of detection was set at 15 % mutated DNA in the sample, which is appropriate with regard to clinical applicability, as patients at the time of diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes typically have a significantly higher proportion of mutated DNA. The validation was successful, as we demonstrated that the method is suitable for its intended clinical purpose and is therefore ready for use in routine diagnostics