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Comparison of characteristics of different phylogenetic groups of yeast genus Hanseniaspora for the production of fermented beverages
No full textKvasovke rodu Hanseniaspora so bipolarno brsteče kvasovke, ki veljajo za nekonvencionalne in so dandanes vedno bolj zaželene v proizvodnji fermentiranih pijač, saj omogočajo širši spekter arom in povečajo senzorično kompleksnost fermentiranih pijač. Vrste rodu Hanseniaspora sodijo v dve filogenetski skupini z različno hitrostjo evolucije, ki se obenem razlikujeta tudi po številu genov. Skupina s pospešeno evolucijo (FEL) ima manjši genom in lahko zato najverjetneje raste hitreje kot skupina s počasnejšo evolucijo (SEL). Zato smo primerjali hitrost rasti sevov vrst obeh skupin v kompleksnem in v minimalnem gojišču. Pričakovali smo, da bodo imeli sevi skupine FEL krajši podvojevalni čas, saj so tekom evolucije izgubili mnogo več genov kot sevi skupine SEL, ki rastejo počasneje, vendar signifikantnih razlik v podvojevalnih časih med skupinama FEL in SEL nismo določili. Sevi skupine SEL imajo v genomu prisoten gen za izlivno črpalko za sulfit (SSU1), medtem ko ga sevi skupine FEL nimajo. Določili smo minimalno inhibitorno koncentracijo (MIK) kalijevega metabisulfida sevov obeh skupin. Ugotovili smo, da so imeli izbrani sevi, ne glede na prisotnost izlivne črpalke, podobne vrednosti MIK. Nazadnje smo testirali uporabnost kvasovk rodu Hanseniaspora za aromatizacijo piv. S presejalnimi testi smo določili sposobnost asimilacije maltoze, škroba, odpornost na etanol in hmeljni ekstrakt, β-liazno aktivnost in produkcijo neželenih fenolnih spojin. Glede na rezultate smo izbrali vsaj en sev vsake vrste, ki je hitro rastel na selekcijskem gojišču za β-liazno aktivnost, ni tvoril hlapnih fenolov in je bil odporen proti etanolu in hmeljnem ekstraktu. Ti sevi so pokazali dober encimski potencial za aromatizacijo piv, saj mnogi niso proizvajali neželenih fenolnih spojih. Ugotovili smo, da so določeni izbrani sevi primerni za uporabo v pivovarstvu za ojačevanje arome piva.Yeasts of the genus Hanseniaspora are bipolar budding yeasts considered non-conventional, yet they are increasingly sought after in the production of fermented beverages. They contribute to a broader aromatic profile and enhance the sensory complexity of the final product. Species within the Hanseniaspora genus are divided into two phylogenetic groups with different evolutionary rates, which also differ in gene count. The fast-evolving lineage (FEL) has a smaller genome and is likely capable of faster growth compared to the slow-evolving lineage (SEL). Therefore, we compared the growth rates of strains from both groups in complex and minimal media. We expected that strains from the FEL group would have a shorter doubling time, confirming our hypothesis that they lost significantly more genes during evolution than strains from the SEL group, which grow more slowly. However, we did not observe significant differences in doubling times between the FEL and SEL groups. We also found that SEL strains possess the gene for the sulfite efflux pump (SSU1). Therefore, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of potassium metabisulfite for strains from both groups. Interestingly, selected strains, regardless of genetic background, exhibited similar MIC values. Finally, we tested the potential of Hanseniaspora yeasts for beer aroma enhancement. Through screening assays, we evaluated their ability to assimilate maltose and starch, their resistance to ethanol and hop extract, β-lyase activity, and the production of undesirable phenolic compounds. Based on these results, we selected at least one strain from each species that grew well on β-lyase selective media, did not produce volatile phenols, and showed resistance to ethanol and hop extract. These strains demonstrated promising enzymatic potential for beer aroma enhancement, as many did not produce undesirable phenolic compounds. We concluded that certain selected strains are suitable for use in brewing to enhance beer aroma
Instructions for the upbringing of children in a family during the period of Real Socialism and Self Managed Socialism in Slovenia
No full textV magistrski nalogi obravnavamo navodila za vzgojo otrok v družini. V teoretičnem delu naloge utemeljujemo, da so družbenopolitične spremembe, ki so se vzpostavile v Sloveniji v različnih družbenopolitičnih sistemih od prehoda iz 19. v 20. stoletje dalje – krekovskem krščanskem socializmu, realsocializmu in samoupravnem socializmu, in v zahodnih kapitalističnih državah, različno vplivale na obravnavo družine v družbi in vzgojo otrok v njej. Pokažemo, da je na ozemlju sedanje Slovenije s prevlado krekovskega krščanskega socializma od prehoda iz 19. v 20. stoletje do druge svetovne vojne v vzgojna navodila vpisano povzdigovanje dela, ki je v funkciji obrednega značaja. Delo je opredeljeno kot temeljna razsežnost človeka in je glavna človekova dolžnost v smislu, da z njim odplačujemo »kazen za greh«, hkrati pa delo varuje pred padcem v greh. Z vzgojo je potrebno otrokom čim prej privzgojiti lastnosti, kot so delavnost, pokornost, ponižnost, bogaboječnost, potrpežljivost. Slednje so ključnega pomena za ohranjanje obstoječih družbenih razmerij, saj je v delu utemeljena razslojenost družbe na stanove.
Z analizo besedil vidnejših avtoric in avtorjev, ki so v obdobju realsocializma in samoupravnega socializma obravnavali problematiko družine in vzgoje v Sloveniji, utemeljujemo, da je v obdobju realsocializma v tedanji Ljudski republiki Sloveniji temeljni smoter socialistične vzgoje vsestransko razvita osebnost, opredeljena s političnimi interesi v vzgoji. Etatistična vzgoja je usmerjena k izenačitvi ljudi med seboj in ne dopušča skladnosti med individualnim človekom in njegovo družbeno vlogo. Posameznike je potrebno vzgojiti tako, da bi se disciplinirano in požrtvovalno podrejali interesom skupnosti in izvrševali družbene naloge. Postali naj bi aktivni graditelji in zaščitniki socialistične družbe. S primerjavo navodil za vzgojo otrok v družini v obdobjih krekovskega krščanskega socializma in realsocializma pokažemo, da v obeh obravnavanih obdobjih predstavlja delo temeljno človekovo dolžnost, v družinski vzgoji pa ključno vzgojno dejavnost. Otroke je potrebno čim prej vključiti v vsakdanje delo ter jim v zvezi s tem privzgojiti določene lastnosti, ki so v obdobju krekovskega krščanskega socializma v funkciji ohranjanja družbenih razmerij, v obdobju realsocializma pa vzpostavljanja le-teh. Nadalje analiziramo zasnovo družinske vzgoje v obdobju samoupravnega socializma v Sloveniji in pokažemo, da se navodila za vzgojo otrok v družini v tem obdobju razlikujejo od tistih v predhodno obravnavanih obdobjih. Vzgojna navodila se v prvih letih obdobja samoupravnega socializma oddaljujejo od etatistične vzgoje. Od šestdesetih let 20. stoletja dalje so v vzgojna navodila vpisana pričakovanja ideologije samoupravnega socializma. Delo je pojmovano kot ustvarjalna dejavnostskozi delo posameznik sodeluje, soodloča, vodi in tako prispeva k družbeni blaginji ter hkrati razvija in uresničuje svoje notranje potenciale, interese. Navodila za vzgojo otrok so usmerjena k uresničevanju temeljnega družbenega cilja – vsestranskemu razvoju samostojne, odgovorne, kritične, ustvarjalne, delavoljne osebnosti. Pomen dela za vzgojo otrok je z leti vedno manj izpostavljen, od sredine sedemdesetih let 20. stoletja dalje pa z razvojem potrošništva stopa v ospredje osredotočanje vzgojnih navodil na psihosocialni razvoj otroka. Vsestranska osebnost se vse manj oblikuje ob delu in vse bolj z aktivnim preživljanjem prostega časa. Nazadnje utemeljujemo, da se v obdobju od sredine petdesetih let do sredine sedemdesetih let 20. stoletja, v katerem vzgojna navodila temeljijo na idejah kolektivizma in socialističnih moralnih etičnih vrednotah, med navodili za vzgojo otrok v družini uveljavljajo tudi ideje permisivizma. V vzgojnih navodilih zasledimo uveljavljanje idej permisivne vzgoje, kot jo pojmuje avtorica Milica Bergantvzgoja temelji na rabi in prepletanju omejevalnih in spodbujevalnih ravnanj v vzgoji. Prisila oziroma represija v vzgojnem delovanju predstavlja nujni del vzgoje, ki omogoči, da se otrok podredi avtoriteti, preko katere ponotranji družbena pravila in norme ter mu to omogoči samostojno, odgovorno, svobodno družbeno delovanje. Od sredine sedemdesetih let 20. stoletja dalje pa v navodilih za vzgojo otrok zasledimo premik k zasnovi permisivne vzgoje, kot jo pojmuje avtor Vinko Skalarvzgojna navodila usmerjajo k skrbi za otrokov individualni razvoj, upoštevanju otrokovih razvojnih značilnosti, zadovoljevanju socialnih potreb in rabi spodbujevalnih vzgojnih ravnanj. Iz vzgojnih navodil je razvidno, da zasnova permisivne vzgoje sledi zgledu permisivne vzgoje, kot se uveljavi v ameriški kapitalistični družbi v obdobju po drugi svetovni vojni.The Master’s thesis discusses instruction for raising children in a family. The theoretical part of the thesis explains that social and political changes established in Slovenia in particular social systems after the turn from the 19th to the 20th century on – the Janez Evangelist Krek\u27s Christian Socialism, Real Socialism and Self-Managed Socialism – and in Western capitalist countries had a different impact on the position of the family in society, and the upbringing of children in it. We present that on the territory of current Slovenia, where Krek’s Christian Socialism prevailed since the turn of the 19th to the 20th century until the Second World War, the instructions for raising children honoured work, the latter serving as a ritual. Work is defined as the fundamental dimension of a man and is our main human duty, enabling us to pay off “punishment for our sins” and, at the same time, serves as our protection against falling into sin. By means of upbringing, it is necessary to impart values to children such as diligence, obedience, humility, godliness and patience as soon as possible. These traits are of key importance for the maintenance of social relationships since work is the basis for the stratification of society into classes.
By secondary analysis of the text by some prominent authors who considered the issue of the family and upbringing in Slovenia in the period of Real Socialism and Self-Managed Socialism, it is justified that the crucial aim of socialistic upbringing is a versatile personality, defined with political interests in upbringing. The objective of statistical upbringing is the equalisation of people among themselves and does not permit compliance between individuals and their social roles. Individuals have to be brought up so that they would, disciplined and selfless, comply with the interests of the community and perform social tasks. They should become active creators and protectors of the Socialist society. The comparison of the instructions for raising children in the family during the period of Krek’s Christian Socialism and in the period of Real Socialism illustrates that, in both periods, work represents a fundamental duty of a man and a key educational activity of raising children in family education. Children have to be included in daily work as soon as possible. Specific qualities have to be imparted to them, which, in Krek\u27s Christian Socialism, serve for the maintenance of social relationships and for the implementation of the latter in the period of Real Socialism.
The analysis of the basis of upbringing children in a family in the period of Social Socialism in Slovenia illustrates that instructions for raising children in a family differ from instructions in previously discussed periods. In the first years of Self-Managed Socialism, the instructions for upbringing lost coherence with statist upbringing. After the 1960s, the instructions for raising children included expectations of the Self-Managed Socialism ideology. Work is viewed as a creative activitythrough work, individuals take part, co decide, manage and by means of that, contribute to social welfare, and at the same time fulfil their inner tendencies and interests. The instructions for the upbringing of children are focused on the realisation of the fundamental social goal – universal development of an independent, responsible, critical, creative personality who is eager to work. A versatile personality gets less and less shaped with work and increasingly more with active spending of free time.
At last, it is explained that from the mid-50s until the 1970s, when the instructions for upbringing were based on the ideas of collectivism and socialistic moral and ethical values, the enforcement of ideas of permissive upbringing is evident as well. The latter follows the model by the author Milica Bergantthe upbringing is based on the use and intertwining of restrictive and motivational methods and instruments. Constraint or repression in upbringing presents an inevitable part of education. It enables the child to submit to the authority and, in this way, internalises social rules and norms, which enables him to have independent, responsible and free social activity. After the mid 1970s, there is a step towards the scheming of permissive education as denoted by the author Vinko Skalarinstructions for education are directed towards the concern for children\u27s individual development, considering children\u27s development traits, fulfilling social needs and using motivational educational treatment. In instructions for education, it is evident that the model of permissive upbringing follows the model of permissive upbringing implemented in the American capitalistic society in the period after the Second World War
The -distance -packing domination number: complexity, cycles, and trees
No full textA set of vertices is a -distance dominating set if for every there exists such that , and is a -packing if for every different . The -distance -packing domination number of is the minimum size of a set of vertices of which is both a -distance dominating set and a -packing. It is proved that for every two fixed integers and with and , the decision problem whether holds is NP-complete for bipartite planar graphs. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a -distance -packing dominating set in is obtained and determined for every , , and . For a tree on vertices with leaves and support vertices it is proved that (i) , (ii) , and if , then (iii) . Inequality (i) improves an earlier bound due to Meierling and Volkmann, and independently Raczek, Lema\u27nska, and Cyman, while (iii) extends an earlier result for due to Henning. Sharpness of the bounds is discussed and established in most cases. It is also proved that every connected graph contains a spanning tree such that
Raba ločil skozi prizmo uporabniških zadreg v jezikovni svetovalnici
No full textV prispevku na gradivu vprašanj iz spletne Jezikovne svetovalnice ugotavljam, s katere vrste dilemami pri rabi ločil se srečujejo njeni uporabniki. Analiza kaže, da je največ vprašanj povezanih z interpretacijo pravopisnih pravil ob konkretnih problemih, neredko pa so dileme povezane tudi z jezikovnimi spremembami. Podrobneje zato predstavljam vprašanja, v katerih uporabniki ne izkazujejo pomanjkljivega poznavanja obstoječe kodifikacije, temveč z njimi nakazujejo, da ta ni zadostna ali dovolj natančna oz. da je prišlo v normi do sprememb.This article analyzes questions from the Language Consulting Service database to identify punctuation problems faced by its users. The analysis shows that most questions are related to interpreting rules in the context of specific problems, but often the issues are also related to linguistic changes. It therefore offers a more detailed presentation of questions in which users do not demonstrate insufficient knowledge of the current codification, but instead indicate that it is not sufficient or precise enough, or that the norm has changed
Czech and Slovenian language consulting: what do they tell us about language and language users?
No full textThis article focuses on the Czech Language Consulting Center and the Slovenian Language Consulting Center, which are closely related in many ways. This relationship is evident not only in the language topics and problems that users of both centers inquire about but also in the tasks and challenges that the members of the centers deal with. The article emphasizes the importance of language consulting as a valuable source of data about language and language users, which is particularly useful during during the process of codification and the creation of dictionaries and other language resources.Članek se osredotoča na jezikovno svetovanje na Češkem in v Sloveniji, ki sta na mnogo načinov tesno povezana. Povezanost je očitna ne le v jezikovnih temah in težavah, o katerih sprašujejo uporabniki obeh jezikovnih svetovalnic, temveč tudi v nalogah in izzivih, s katerimi se morajo sodelavci svetovalnic spoprijemati. Članek poudarja pomen jezikovnega svetovanja kot dragocenega vira podatkov o jeziku in uporabnikih jezika, ki so zelo koristni posebej v postopku kodifikacije ter pri ustvarjanju slovarjev in drugih jezikovnih virov
Neenotnost izbranih slovničnih terminov - kršenje norme terminoloških načel?
No full textTerminološka kriterija ločljivosti in ustaljenosti sta na področju humanistike in jezikoslovja velikokrat kršena. Raznoliko dojemanje npr. medbesednih razmerij lahko sicer privede tudi do napačnih, neutemeljenih opisov, vendar v večini niso usodni. Neusodno, vendar pa neustrezno je to na ravni izobraževanja, predvsem osnovno- in srednješolskega. Tu bi stroka morala paziti, da je učno gradivo usklajeno, in dosledno uporabljati sicer poenostavljeno, izobraževalni ravni primerno, vendar poenoteno in skupno izbrano terminološko izrazje.The terminological criteria of resolution and stability are often violated in the humanities and linguistics. Different perceptions of intertextual relations, for example, can also lead to incorrect, unsubstantiated descriptions, but most of them are not fatal. Nonetheless, this is inappropriate in education, especially primary and secondary education. Teachers should ensure that teaching material is coherent, and they should consistently use terminology that is simplified and appropriate for the level of education, but nonetheless uniform and jointly chosen
DMLEX on Wikibase
No full textThis paper presents an experimental workflow for converting legacy digitized dictionaries into the DMLex standard and subsequently importing them into a Wikibase instance. DMLex, a serialization-independent model developed by the OASIS LEXIDMA Technical Committee, aims to provide a universal and modular representation of lexicographic data. The study tested whether dictionaries from heterogeneous sources—originally encoded in internal XML formats—could be reliably transformed into DMLex-compliant representations and repurposed for collaborative editing and enrichment on a structured linked data platform. The transformation was achieved through a combination of rule-based scripts, manual refinement, and large language model assistance. While DMLex proved adaptable to a wide range of lexical phenomena, several limitations became apparent during the Wikibase integration phase. These findings suggest that practical deployment of DMLex benefits from clearer conventions and validation strategies when applied beyond theoretical modeling. The results confirm DMLex’s potential for future-proof dictionary modeling, while also highlighting areas where further specification and community consensus are needed to support its application in digital infrastructures and collaborative environments
Problemi uporabnikov športne terminologije: Kako lahko pomaga Terminološka svetovalnica?
No full textPrispevek obravnava probleme s področja športne terminologije, ki so jih uporabniki želeli rešiti s pomočjo Terminološke svetovalnice. Pri pregledu vprašanj s temi problemi sta se izoblikovali dve skupini. V prvi skupini so vprašanja, kjer uporabnik išče slovenski termin za športne zvrsti ali športne discipline, ki so bile najprej poimenovane v tujem jeziku, zlasti v angleščini, v drugi skupini pa so vprašanja, kjer uporabnik dvomi o ustreznosti že ustaljenih slovenskih športnih terminov.This article deals with issues in sports terminology that users have tried to solve with the help of the Terminology Consulting Service. When examining questions about these issues, two groups emerged. The first group consists of questions in which the user is looking for a Slovenian term for sports and sports disciplines that were first named in a foreign language, especially English, and the second group consists of questions in which the user doubts the appropriateness of Slovenian sports terms that are already established
Gender differences in business and organizational decision‐making
No full textThe effectiveness of work largely depends on the employees and their decision‐making abilities. Research indicates that gender differences in decision‐making can influence management practices, organizational effectiveness, and overall performance outcomes. Although women and men possess equal intellectual capabilities and should be treated equally, their decision‐making approaches often differ, offering complementary strengths. These differences underscore the importance of viewing gender‐based decision‐making styles as enriching rather than hierarchical and highlight why achieving gender equality remains critical. To optimize decision‐making within individuals and groups in business and organizational settings, it is essential to understand both the advantages and limitations associated with the decision‐making processes of each gender. Based on an extensive review of scholarly books and articles, along with empirical data collected through the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire completed by 133 participants, this study first analyses and discusses gender differences in individual decision‐making within business and organizational contexts. This analysis provides the foundation for examining how the gender composition of groups influences group decision‐making, highlighting the importance of promoting gender equality in organizational decision‐making processes — an issue of growing significance in the developed world
