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Compulsory inheritance at the crossroads of time
No full textAvtorica obravnava aktualno dednopravno problematiko nujnega dedovanja z vidika nacionalnega in primerjalnega prava, predvsem pa tudi v luči potreb po novi ureditvi tega področja v Republiki Sloveniji. Nujno dedovanje je največja omejitev zapustnikovi svobodi testiranja, ki je utemeljena na avtonomiji posameznika kot eni najvišje zavarovanih dobrin v dobi liberalnega individualizma. Kljub temu skorajda povsod po svetu (izjema so države sistema common law) poznajo določeno vrsto obligatorne participacije najožjih zapustnikovih sorodnikov na delu njegove zapuščine. Postavlja se vprašanje, ali je taka ureditev še primerna oziroma ali zahteva po varovanju družinske solidarnosti na ta način ne gre predaleč. Posamezne države se različno odzivajo na moderne demografske in druge trende, ki zahtevajo spremembe dednopravne zakonodaje. Prispevek predstavlja različne vidike, ki jih osvetljujeta primerjalno pravo in teorija, ki argumentirajo tako obstoj kot tudi odpravo instituta oziroma njegovo podreditev elementu izkazanih potreb nujnih dedičev. Avtorica predstavi svoje stališče glede problematike noveliranja tega področja v slovenski zakonodaji.The author discusses the current inheritance law issues of compulsory inheritance from the perspective of national and comparative law, and especially in light of the need for new regulations in this area in the Republic of Slovenia. Compulsory inheritance represents the greatest restriction on the testator’s freedom to make a will, which is based on the autonomy of the individual as one of the most highly protected goods in the age of liberal individualism. Nevertheless, almost everywhere in the world (with the exception of common law countries), there is a certain type of mandatory participation of the testator’s closest relatives in a certain part of his or her estate. The question arises as to whether such a regulation is still appropriate or whether the requirement to protect family solidarity in this way goes too far. Individual countries respond differently to modern demographic and other trends that dictate changes in inheritance law. This article presents various aspects highlighted by comparative law and theory, which argue both for the existence and the abolition of the institution, or its subordination to the demonstrated needs of the forced heirs. The author presents her views on the issue of amending this area of Slovenian law
The categories of dramatic character and dramatic plot in Slovak dramas with a utopian theme in the period 1920–1948
No full textPrispevek preučuje vpliv utopične tematike na kategoriji dramskega lika in dramskega dogajanja pri izbranih slovaških dramah, ki so nastale med letoma 1920 in 1948. Študija se posveča štirim dramskim naslovom: drami Jozefa Závodnega (1899–1969) Nadčlovek (1927), drami Petra Karvaša (1920–1999) Meteor (1945), drami Juraja Váha (1925–1976) Zadnji in prvi (1949) ter drami Júliusa Barča-Ivana (1909–1953) Konec (1948). Cilj je, da s preučitvijo podkategorij dramskega lika in dramskega dogajanja identificiramo elemente in postopke, ki so uporabljene v dramskih besedilih z utopično tematiko, ter njihov vpliv na dramsko zgradbo.The article examines the influence of the utopian and catastrophic theme on the category of character and plot, in selected dramas written in the period 1920–1948. The article introduces four dramatic work: Jozef Závodný’s (1899–1969) The Übermensch (1927), Peter Karvaš’s (1920–1999) Meteor(1945), Juraj Váh’s (1925–1976) The First and the Last Ones (1949), and Július Barč-Ivan’s (1909–1953) The End (1948). The aim of the article is to identify the key themes and artistic techniques in dramatic texts with a utopian theme through sub-categories (namely the categories of dramatic character and dramatic plot)
Two-stage optimal design of metro underframe structures
No full textThe design of the metro body structure must balance both safety and cost indicators. The underframe is not only the main load-bearing component of the metro body but also accounts a significant portion of its overall mass. To reduce operational costs and enhance the safety performance of the metro body, this paper focuses on optimizing the design of the underframe. A two-stage optimization approach was proposed, addressing the limitation of existing methods and the challenges in balancing realistic operating conditions with manufacturability. First, manufacturing constraints were incorporated using the variable density method, and topology optimization of the underframe sub-model was carried out with the objective of minimizing flexibility-weighted strain energy. Next, the rough topology was refined through parametric optimization after determining the approximate shape of the cross section, resulting in a more precise model. The results show that the proposed optimization method reduces underframe mass by about 4.7 % while lowering the maximum deflection of the metro car body under the maximum vertical load case by 0.601 mm. This demonstrates that the proposed framework efficiently combines optimization capabilities with simplicity.Zasnova konstrukcije karoserije metroja mora zadoščati uravnoteženju varnostnih in stroškovnih kazalnikov. Spodnji okvir ni le glavni nosilni element karoserije metroja, temveč predstavlja tudi pomemben delež njene skupne mase. Ta članek se osredotoča na zmanjšanje obratovalnih stroškov in izboljšanje varnostne zmogljivosti karoserije metroja z optimizacijo zasnove spodnjega okvirja. Predlagan je bil dvostopenjski pristop k optimizaciji, ki nadgrajuje omejitve obstoječih metod in obravnava izzive pri uravnoteženju realnih obratovalnih pogojev s tehnologičnostjo. Najprej so bile v postopek vključene proizvodne omejitve z uporabo metode spremenljive gostote, pri čemer je bila izvedena topološka optimizacija delnega modela spodnjega okvirja z namenom minimizacije deformacijske energije, utežene glede na prožnost. Nato je bila groba topologija izboljšana s parametrično optimizacijo po določitvi približne oblike prereza, kar je privedlo do natančnejšega modela. Rezultati kažejo, da predlagana metoda optimizacije zmanjša maso spodnjega okvirja za približno 4,7 %, hkrati pa zmanjša največji upogibek karoserije metroja pri maksimalni navpični obremenitvi za 0,601 mm. To dokazuje, da predlagana metodologija učinkovito združuje optimizacijske zmogljivosti in preprostost
GIBSU-DEMATEL
No full textIn complex decision-making environments, expert judgments are often uncertain and divergent, making aggregation into a single numerical value problematic. The classical Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) addresses interdependencies among criteria but aggregates expert inputs using simple averaging, which neglects opinion diversity and creates an artificial sense of certainty. To address these limitations, we propose Group Interval-Based DEMATEL method Balancing Satisfaction and Uncertainty (GIBSU-DEMATEL), a novel framework that represents group judgments as intervals and optimizes their construction to simultaneously maximize expert satisfaction and minimize judgmental uncertainty. This dual-objective approach ensures that aggregated results better reflect the diversity of expert perspectives while maintaining analytical rigor. Unlike existing interval or fuzzy DEMATEL variants, which focus primarily on uncertainty, GIBSU-DEMATEL formalizes the trade-off between expert satisfaction and uncertainty through an optimization function, producing causal maps that are both interpretable and socially acceptable. The framework is validated through a case study on learning management system selection in higher education, demonstrating improved robustness, higher satisfaction, and transparent representation of divergent opinions compared with classical, interval and fuzzy DEMATEL. Sensitivity analysis further confirms the adaptability and reliability of the method across decision scenarios
Kinematics-based tracking control method for operational robotic arm under multi-environmental constraints
No full textThe environmental hazards associated with coal mining operations are extremely high, making the use of robotic arms to replace manual labor crucial for improving both the safety and cost-effectiveness of the work process. To address the various environmental constraints, such as spatial limitations, obstacles, and internal and external disturbances, this study proposes a kinematic-based tracking and control method for mining robotic arm. The objective of this numerical study is to mitigate the impact of environmental constraints on the stability of robotic arms, ensuring that they can maintain high precision and stability in complex operating conditions. Simulation results showed that the proposed method enabled the robotic arm to achieve operational thrust peaks exceeding 13,968 N and screw torque peaks greater than 0.06 Nm. The system reached steady state in an average of 0.24 s, with an error reduction of 2.3 %. Compared to other methods, the disturbance tracker reduced the average error by 2 %, and the feedback controller decreased the prediction lag by 5 %. Overall, this method significantly enhances the accuracy and stability of robotic arms in coal mining operations, making it a promising approach for real-world applications.Tveganja, povezana z rudarskimi dejavnostmi v premogovnikih so izjemno visoka, zato je uporaba robotskih rok za nadomeščanje ročnega dela ključnega pomena za izboljšanje varnosti in stroškovne učinkovitosti delovnega procesa. Za obravnavo različnih okoljskih omejitev, kot so prostorske omejitve, ovire ter notranje in zunanje motnje, ta študija predlaga na kinematiki temelječo metodo krmiljenja sledenja in nadzora rudarske robotske roke. Cilj te numerične študije je predlagati metodologijo za ublažitev zunanjih vplivov na stabilnost robotskih rok ter zagotoviti visoko natančnost pri delovanju v zapletenih delovnih pogojih. Rezultati simulacij so pokazali, da predlagana metoda omogoča, da robotska roka doseže operativne vršne potisne sile, večje od 13.968 N, ter vršne vijačne momente, večje od 0,0613 Nm. Sistem je dosegel stacionarno stanje v povprečju v 0,24 s, pri čemer se je napaka zmanjšala za 2,3 %. V primerjavi z drugimi metodami je sledilnik motenj zmanjšal povprečno napako za 2 %, krmilnik s povratno zanko pa zmanjšal zakasnitev napovedi za 5 %. Predlagana metoda bistveno izboljšuje natančnost in stabilnost pozicioniranja robotskih rok pri rudarskih delih v premogovnikih ter predstavlja obetaven pristop za praktično uporabo
Analysis of Non-Essential Cookie Placement on Slovenian Websites
No full textSpletni piškotki so sestavni del delovanja sodobnih spletnih mest, hkrati pa se lahko uporabijo za sledenje uporabnikom in poseg v njihovo zasebnost. V diplomski nalogi preučujemo, kako slovenska spletna mesta dejansko spoštujejo uporabnikovo izbiro, izraženo prek pasice za piškotke, v zvezi z namestitvijo nenujnih piškotkov. Z lastno razvitim avtomatiziranim pajkom smo analizirali 521 spletnih mest. Rezultati kažejo, da neodzivnost in zavrnitev pogosto ne preprečita nalaganja nenujnih piškotkov, medtem ko sprejem sproži njihovo množično nameščanje. Ugotovitve razkrivajo razkorak med namenom regulacije in prakso ter opozarjajo na potrebo po tehničnem izboljšanju rešitev za soglasje.Web cookies are an essential part of the functioning of modern websites but can also be used for tracking users and intruding on their privacy. This diploma thesis examines how Slovenian websites actually respect user choices expressed through cookie banners, with regard to the installation of non-essential cookies. Using a custom-developed automated crawler, 521 websites were analyzed. The results show that lack of response or rejection often does not prevent non-essential cookies from being loaded, while acceptance triggers their extensive installation. The findings reveal a gap between regulatory intent and practice and highlight the need for technical improvements of consent solutions
Design of a human-machine user interface for the cooling system
No full textV tem diplomskem delu je opisan postopek izdelave uporabniškega vmesnika za hladilni sistem, ki je del tehnološkega procesa v farmacevtski industriji. Uporabniški vmesnik je ena izmed komponent širšega SCADA (angl. Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) sistema za nadzor, vodenje in zbiranje podatkov procesa. Namen naloge je bil razviti funkcionalen in dinamičen vmesnik, ki bi omogočal preprosto uporabo operaterjem tekom industrijskega procesa.
Pri izdelavi vmesnika je bil uporabljen programski paket TIA Portal. Oblikovanje je sledilo načelom podjetja, ki se uporabljajo v že obstoječih nadzornih SCADA sistemih podjetja. Funkcionalnost in dinamičnost sistema je zagotovljena s pomočjo uporabe dinamičnih predlog.
Rezultat je uporabniški vmesnik, ki ga je mogoče preprosto aplicirati v industrijskem procesu. Slednjega operater učinkovito uporablja pri nadzoru hladilnega sistema. Po namestitvi vmesnika glavni zaključki kažejo na večjo preglednost, saj operaterjem omogoča boljše sledenje delovanju sistema.This thesis describes the process of developing a user interface for a cooling system that can be controlled via a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. The work focuses on the developement of an interface that would provide a clear visualization of the process.
The purpose of the task was to develop a functional and dynamic interface that would be easy for operators to use during the industrial process. The TIA Portal software package was used to create the interface. The design followed the company’s principles, which are used in the company’s existing SCADA systems. The functionality and dynamics of the system is ensured by faceplates.
The result is a user interface that can be applied in an industrial process. The operator uses it effectively to control the cooling system. After installing the interface, the main conclusions point to greater transparency and better monitoring of system operation
Opredelitev mikrostrukturnih in biomehanskih lastnosti človeške fascije pri sladkorni bolezni tipa 2
No full textAims. This doctoral research investigated how type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remodels the extracellular matrix (ECM) of human deep fascia and whether such remodeling increases tissue rigidity. The specific objectives were: (1) to determine T2DM-related structural alterations across functionally diverse deep fasciae and to evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) microscopy for depicting fascial microanatomy(2) to characterize diabetes-associated biomolecular changes using infrared spectroscopy and targeted histochemistryand (3) to quantify nanoscale mechanical properties with atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Hypotheses. (I) T2DM is associated with increased remodeling of the fibrous and aqueous components of the deep fascia matrix. (II) Biochemical alterations in deep-fascia macromolecules in T2DM result in increased tissue rigidity.
Methods. A multimodal, multiscale investigation was conducted on postmortem samples of the fascia lata (FL), thoracolumbar fascia (TLF), and plantar fascia (PF) from 18 male subjects with T2DM and 18 non-diabetic controls. Following histological staining for general morphology, feasibility of 3D microstructural visualisation was assessed using optical projection tomography, digital light sheet microscopy, and magnetic resonance microscopy. Label-free multiphoton microscopy, including second harmonic generation (SHG), two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), was used to detect structural and molecular matrix remodeling. The biomolecular composition was profiled using attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometric analysis, supported with targeted histochemistry. Finally, the nanoscale tissue stiffness was measured using AFM on hydrated tissue sections.
Results. General histology and 3D microscopy demonstrated a trilaminar organization in the deep fascia, with a thicker collagen-dense intermediate layer between less densely and homogenously organized superficial and deep layers, and confirmed significant region-specific architectural specializations. Multiphoton imaging showed preserved SHG forward-to-backward ratios across groups, indicating no gross alteration of fibrillar collagen architecture. In contrast, TPEF ratios were higher in T2DM for PF and FL, and FLIM revealed shorter mean fluorescence lifetime in PF, together consistent with a remodeled collagen microenvironment influenced by crosslinking, oxidative stress, and altered hydration. ATR-FTIR with chemometrics and targeted histochemistry resolved fascia-type dependent spectral components and demonstrated trends of disease-associated alteration in collagen-dominant and ground-substance signatures. AFM established regional variation of stiffness, and showed significant T2DM-associated increased Young’s modulus in PF and FL, independent of age and body mass index, with no detectable change in TLF.
Conclusions. The integrated optical, spectroscopic, histochemical, and nanomechanical evidence substantiates Hypothesis I by demonstrating molecular-level collagen remodeling and decreased hyaluronan-rich ground-substance in T2DM. The data strongly support Hypothesis II by showing that these biochemical alterations are accompanied by increased nanoscale rigidity in PF and FL even if fibrillar order detected by SHG remains largely preserved. Collectively, the thesis establishes that deep-fascia remodeling in T2DM is anatomically specific and subtle, but detectable by label-free optical and spectral signatures, and mechanically consequential. The integrated, multiscale model provides quantitative benchmarks and translationally relevant biomarkers adaptable for risk stratification, and evaluation of mechanism-based interventions in diabetic fasciopathy.Namen. Namena doktorske raziskave sta bila ugotoviti, kako sladkorna bolezen tipa 2 (T2DM) vpliva na zunajcelični matriks (ECM) človeške globoke fascije ter ali takšno preoblikovanje povzroči povečano togost tkiva. Specifični cilji so bili: (1) določiti spremembe v zgradbi fascije, povezane s T2DM, v funkcionalno različnih anatomskih regijah ter oceniti uporabnost tridimenzionalne mikroskopije za prikaz mikroanatomije fascije(2) opredeliti biokemične spremembe, povezane s T2DM, z uporabo infrardeče spektroskopije in ciljno usmerjene histokemijeter (3) kvantificirati nanomehanske lastnosti fascije z mikroskopijo na atomsko silo (AFM).
Hipoteze. (H1) sladkorna bolezen tipa 2 povzroča povečano preoblikovanje vlaknaste in gelaste komponente zunajceličnega matriksa globoke fascije(H2) biokemične spremembe v strukturnih makromolekulah fascije pri T2DM vodijo v povečano togost tkiva.
Metode. Raziskavo smo izvedli na posmrtnih vzorcih fascije late (FL), torakolumbalne fascije (TLF) in plantarne fascije (PF), pridobljenih od 18 moških oseb s T2DM in 18 kontrol brez sladkorne bolezni. Po osnovni histološki analizi smo izvedli tridimenzionalno slikovno študijo z optično projekcijsko tomografijo, digitalno svetlobno listno mikroskopijo in magnetnoresonančno mikroskopijo. Spremembe v strukturi in kemiji matriksa smo spremljali z večfotonsko mikroskopijo brez barvil, ki je vključevala signal sekundarne harmonične generacije (SHG), dvofotonsko vzbujeno fluorescenco (TPEF) in mikroskopijo življenjskega časa fluorescence (FLIM). Biokemično sestavo smo analizirali z ATR-FTIR spektroskopijo in kemometrično dekompozicijo, podprto s ciljno histokemijo, nanomehanske lastnosti pa smo izmerili z AFM na hidriranih rezinah tkiva.
Rezultati. Tridimenzionalno slikanje in histologija sta pokazala dosledno trilaminarno zgradbo fascije z debelo srednjo plastjo gostega kolagena in tanjšima površinsko ter globoko plastjo ohlapnejšega veziva. Večfotonska mikroskopija je pokazala ohranjeno fibrilarno urejenost kolagena, medtem ko so bile vrednosti TPEF višje in življenjski čas fluorescence krajši pri PF in FL v skupini s T2DM, kar kaže na spremenjeno kolagensko mikrookolje z večjim križnim povezovanjem, oksidativnim stresom in spremenjeno hidracijo. ATR-FTIR in histokemija sta potrdili zmanjšanje količine osnovne snovi, bogate z glikozaminoglikani, zlasti v PF in TLF. Mikroskopija na atomsko silo je pokazala izrazito povečano togost PF in FL pri T2DM, neodvisno od starosti in indeksa telesne mase, medtem ko sprememb v TLF nismo odkrili.
Sklepi. Celoviti optični, spektroskopski, histokemični in mehanski podatki potrjujejo hipotezo H1, saj dokazujejo preoblikovanje kolagena in zmanjšanje količine osnovne snovi, bogate z glikozaminoglikani. Potrjujejo tudi hipotezo H2, saj dokazujejo povezavo med omenjenimi biokemičnimi spremembami in povečano lokalno togostjo fascije. Sladkorna bolezen tipa 2 tako povzroča anatomsko specifično in biokemično zaznavno preoblikovanje fascije, ki je mehansko pomembno in kvantitativno merljivo z neinvazivnimi optičnimi in mehanskimi pristopi. Raziskava vzpostavlja večmodalni in večnivojski model, uporaben za razvoj bioloških označevalcev tveganja, zgodnje odkrivanje in spremljanje mehanistično usmerjenih oblik zdravljenja diabetične fasciopatije
The chemokine CCL2 as a communication cytokine in an acute allergic reaction
No full textBazofilci so poleg mastocitov glavne efektorske celice v alergijskih odzivih, posredovanih z IgE. Ob izpostavljenosti alergenom se protitelesa IgE, vezana visoko afinitetne receptorje za IgE (FcεRI) prekrižajo, kar povzroči sproščanje mediatorjev, med drugim tudi kemokina CCL2, ki je odgovoren za migracijo imunskih celic. Natančni molekularni mehanizmi komunikacije prek kemokina CCL2 med alergijsko reakcijo niso poznani. V našo raziskavo smo vključili bolnike z alergijskimi reakcijami in zdrave darovalce. Iz krvi bolnikov in zdravih darovalcev smo izolirali bazofilce, ki smo jih uporabili v in vitro študijah. Iz krvnih predniških celic pridobljene mastocite smo pasivno senzibilizirali in jih stimulirali z alergenom ali anti-IgE. V supernatantih mastocitov smo izmerili koncentracije devetih citokinov, za katere je znano, da vplivajo na kemotakso imunskih celic (CCL2, CCL5, CCL11, MIP-1α, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, GM-CSF in VEGF). Nato smo preučevali vpliv mastocitno pridobljenega CCL2 na migracijo bazofilcev in vitro ter njegov učinek na permeabilnost endotelijskega monosloja z uporabo endotelijskih celic popkovne vene (HUVEC). Stimulacija z anti-IgE je povzročila sproščanje CCL2, GM-CSF, IL-8 in VEGF iz mastocitov. Dodatno je prekonočna izpostavitev z IL-33 povečala produkcijo več citokinov. Mastocitno pridobljen CCL2 je poleg tega, da je povečal migracijo bazofilcev in vitro, povečal tudi permeabilnost endotelijskega monosloja HUVEC. Ta učinek je bil izničen z antagonistom receptorja CCR2, kar kaže na vpletenost signalizacije CCL2 prek receptorja CCR2. V prihodnosti bi morda lahko izsledki naše raziskave vplivali na potencialen razvoj bioloških zdravil, ki bi jih lahko prejeli vsi pacienti s tveganjem za nastanek akutne alergijske reakcije in pri tem ne bi bili več omejeni samo na specifične imunoterapije z alergenom.Basophils, together with mast cells, are the main effector cells in IgE-mediated allergic responses. Upon exposure to allergens, IgE antibodies bound to high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) become cross-linked, leading to the release of mediators, including the chemokine CCL2, which is responsible for immune cell migration. The precise molecular mechanisms of communication via the chemokine CCL2 during an allergic reaction are unknown. In our study, we included patients with allergic reactions and healthy donors. From the blood of patients and healthy donors, we isolated basophils, which were used in in vitro studies. Mast cells derived from blood progenitor cells were passively sensitized and stimulated with allergen or anti-IgE. In mast cell supernatants, we measured the concentrations of nine cytokines known to influence immune cell chemotaxis (CCL2, CCL5, CCL11, MIP-1α, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, GM-CSF, and VEGF). We then examined the effect of mast cell–derived CCL2 on basophil migration in vitro and its impact on endothelial monolayer permeability using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Stimulation with allergen or anti-IgE induced significant release of CCL2, GM-CSF, IL-8, and VEGF from mast cells. Furthermore, overnight exposure to IL-33 enhanced the production of several cytokines. Mast cell–derived CCL2 not only increased basophil migration in vitro but also enhanced endothelial monolayer permeability in HUVECs. This effect was reduced by a CCR2 receptor antagonist, indicating the involvement of CCL2 signaling through the CCR2 receptor. In the future, the results of our research could potentially influence the development of biological drugs that could be administered to all patients at risk of developing acute allergic reactions, thereby no longer being limited to specific allergen immunotherapies