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Confident, but undervalued: Evidence from the irish economic association conference
No full textThis paper examines the gender influence gap in an academic setting, focusing on the Irish Economic Association (IEA) Conference review process. Using data from 2017 to 2023, we analyze whether organizers follow the recommendations of male and female reviewers equally and whether any difference can be attributed to a gender gap in the confidence of reviewers. Our findings reveal that organizers' decisions more closely align with male reviewers', particularly when the reviewer's confidence is high and when they have experience in the profession. The influence gap cannot be explained by female reviewers being less confident than males, which is the traditional explanation in the literature. Contrary to expectations, female reviewers report higher confidence than males. We explore potential mechanisms and find suggestive evidence that female reviewers strategically overstate their confidence in anticipation of discriminatory treatment by organizers
Accumulate or Diversify Ecological Innovation Assets? The Effect of Ecological Innovation Asset Depth and Breadth on Firm Financial Performance
No full textThis study investigates the role of innovation portfolio structures in the relationship of ecological innovation and firm financial performance. We draw on the resource‐based view and the natural resource–based view to examine the effects of the depth and breadth of firms' ecological innovation assets (EIAs) while conceptually and empirically accounting for the substantial differences between two distinct firm financial performance dimensions. To test our conceptual framework, we rely on a panel data set based on 340 US firms listed in the S&P 500 index over a 10‐year period. Fixed‐effects regressions confirm that EIA depth and EIA breadth fundamentally differ in their effects on firm financial performance. Moreover, we find that the results vary considerably between accounting‐based and value‐based financial performance. Thereby, this study makes a significant contribution to the ongoing debate about the nexus of ecological innovation and firm financial performance
Prioritize to decarbonize: Thermal retrofits, carbon prices, and energy inequality
No full textThe energy crisis following Russia's invasion of Ukraine exposed the heightened vulnerability of low-income households to rising heating costs, particularly those in energy inefficient buildings. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this study examines the distributional impact of heating costs across income deciles and evaluates the effectiveness of policy interventions. We find that low-income tenants are the most vulnerable segment of the population, with elevated risks of energy poverty. While carbon pricing with landlordtenant cost splitting shields low-income households from carbon costs, it fails to offset overall energy price increases. In contrast, a "Worst-First" retrofit strategy, prioritizing upgrades in the least efficient buildings, substantially reduces heating costs and mitigates energy poverty. Our findings highlight the need for targeted retrofit policies to ensure both equitable decarbonization and economic relief for vulnerable households
Linking global CGE models and sectoral analysis to evaluate the impact of trade openness in service sector towards Indonesia agricultural and agroindustry
No full textAgriculture is the primary sector sustaining the Indonesian economy. However, appropriate policies are also required to support the service sector. Therefore, this study aims to analyze two central policies: the impact of trade openness and the role of the service sector on agriculture and agro-industry in Indonesia. A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model with 2016 input-output tables cover 141 regions and 65 sectors based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Version 10 database. The results show that trade openness in the services sector significantly improves the performance and quality of service provision. The improved performance of the services sector will, in turn, encourage increased production in the agricultural and agro-industrial sectors, which rely heavily on service inputs in the production process. This suggests that trade openness in the services sector is important to sustain the performance of the agricultural sector
Exploring the influence of medical staffing and birth volume on observed-to-expected cesarean deliveries: a panel data analysis of integrated obstetric and gynecological departments in Germany
No full textIntroduction: Cesarean deliveries account for approximately one-third of all births in Germany, prompting ongoing discussions on cesarean section rates and their connection to medical staffing and birth volume. In Germany, the majority of departments integrate obstetric and gynecological care within a single department. Methods: The analysis utilized quality reports from German hospitals spanning 2015 to 2019. The outcome variable was the annual risk-adjusted cesarean section ratio—a metric comparing expected to observed cesarean sections. Explanatory variables included annual counts of physicians, midwives, and births. To account for case number-related staffing variations, full-time equivalent midwife and physician staff positions were normalized by the number of deliveries. Uni- and multivariate panel models were applied, complemented by multiple instrument variable analyses, including two-stage least square and generalized method of moments models. Results: Incorporating data from 509 integrated obstetric departments and 2089 observations, representing 2,335,839 deliveries with 720,795 cesarean sections (over 60% of all inpatient births in Germany), multivariate model with fixed effects revealed a statistically significant positive association between the number of physicians per birth and the risk-adjusted cesarean section ratio (0.004, p = 0.004). Two-stage least square instrument variable analysis (0.020, p < 0.001) and a system GMM estimator models (0.004, p < 0.001) validated these results, providing compelling evidence for a causal relationship. Conclusion: The study established a robust connection between the number of physicians per birth and the risk-adjusted cesarean section ratio in integrated obstetric and gynecological departments in Germany. While the cause of the effect remains unclear, one possible explanation is a lack of specialization within these departments due to the combined provision of both obstetric and gynecological care
Potenziale und Herausforderungen entlang der Wertschöpfungskette für Fresh-Cut-Produkte in Baden-Württemberg
No full textUnter dem Begriff "Fresh-Cuts" werden küchenfertig vorverarbeitete Obst- und Gemüseprodukte zusammengefasst. Sie erleichtern den Einsatz und die personalintensive Verarbeitung von Obst und Gemüse in der Außer-Haus-Verpflegung (AHV). Darüber hinaus können sie als integraler Bestandteil einer gesunden und (bio-) regionalen Verpflegung dienen. Ziel des vorliegenden Arbeitsberichts im Rahmen des EIP-Projekts "Fresh-Cut Cluster" ist es, die FreshCut-Wertschöpfungskette in Baden-Württemberg darzustellen, erste Potenziale und Herausforderungen entlang dieser zu identifizieren sowie zukünftige Chancen und Risiken abzuleiten. Diese Themen werden durch Experteninterviews mit Vertretern aller Stufen der FreshCut Wertschöpfungskette sowie durch einen Expertenworkshop mit Fokusgruppendiskussion bearbeitet. Die Analysen zeigen, dass eine engere Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Akteuren der Wertschöpfungskette notwendig ist, um den Anteil (bio-) regionaler Fresh-Cut Produkte in der AHV zu erhöhen. Die Logistik, insbesondere die Einhaltung der Kühlkette und die schnelle Lieferung der verderblichen Produkte, stellt im preissensiblen Fresh-Cut Markt eine zentrale Herausforderung dar. Politische Unterstützung und gezielte Marketingmaßnahmen können helfen, das Vertrauen der Verbraucher in regionale Fresh-Cut Produkte zu erhöhen und damit die Nachfrage zu stärken.Fresh cuts refers to pre-processed fruit and vegetable products ready to cook. They facilitate the use and labour-intensive processing of fruit and vegetables in out-of-home catering. They can also be integral to healthy and (organic) regional catering. The aim of this working report as part of the EIP project "Fresh-Cut Cluster" is to present the fresh-cut value chain in BadenWürttemberg, identify initial potential and challenges along it, and outline future opportunities and risks. These topics will be analysed through expert interviews with representatives from all stages of the fresh-cut value chain and through an expert workshop with focus group discussions. The analyses show that closer cooperation between the players in the value chain is necessary to increase the proportion of (organic) regional fresh-cut products in the AHV. Logistics, particularly maintaining the cold chain and the rapid delivery of perishable products, is a crucial challenge in the price-sensitive fresh-cut market. Political support and targeted marketing measures can help to increase consumer confidence in regional fresh-cut products and thus boost demand
The role of business visits in fostering R&D investment
No full textLabor mobility is considered a powerful channel to acquire external knowledge and trigger complementarities in the innovation and R&D investment strategies; however, the extant literature has focused on either scientists' mobility or migration of high-skilled workers, while virtually no attention has been devoted to the possible role of short-term business visits. Using a unique and novel database originating a country/sector unbalanced panel over the period 1998-2019 (for a total of 8,316 longitudinal observations), this paper aims to fill this gap by testing the impact of BVs on R&D investment. Results from GMM-SYS estimates show that short-term mobility positively and significantly affects R&D investments; moreover, our findings indicate - as expected - that the beneficial impact of BVs is particularly significant in less innovative countries and in less innovative industries. These outcomes justify some form of support for BVs within the portfolio of the effective innovation policies, both at the national and local level
Including non-resident fathers in cohort research: A scoping study
No full textNew research, published by the ESRI and produced in partnership with the Department of Children, Disability and Equality (DCDE), uses Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) data to look at the profile of fathers not living full-time with their children (termed non-resident fathers in the report). The GUI study has included both resident and non-resident fathers in almost all waves of the study. While the primary focus of this report is on how best to involve non-resident fathers in future waves of the new GUI birth cohort, the report provides interesting insights on non-resident fathers and their relationships with their children. It also draws on interviews with researchers from international child cohort studies and with separated parents and NGOs working with parents in Ireland
Global frameworks for regulating facial recognition technology and artificial intelligence: Adaptive and inclusive governance
No full textDespite growing awareness, the global regulation of facial recognition technology (FRT) remains fragmented, much like the governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI). International initiatives from the United Nations (UN), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and World Economic Forum (WEF) provide guiding principles but fall short of enforceable standards. On 27 July 2025, UN tech chief Doreen Bogdan-Martin warned that the world urgently needs a global approach to AI regulation, as fragmented efforts risk deepening inequalities. This policy brief explores how FRT challenges existing governance frameworks due to its rapid development, complexity and ethical implications. Our research shows that delays in regulation are not only caused by the rapid pace of technological change but also by whose voices are included in the debate. In FRT debates, early warnings from civil society about privacy and rights were sidelined until echoed by governments and major tech firms. This lack of representation, as much as the rapid pace of innovation, helps explain why regulation so often lags behind public concerns. To better govern FRT, the policy brief proposes an adaptive and inclusive model that balances flexibility with democratic legitimacy. Adaptive governance, marked by decentralised decision-making, iterative policy learning, and responsiveness, helps address the uncertainties and evolving risks of narrow AI applications like FRT. Inclusivity is equally critical in legitimising FRT governance. We propose three policy recommendations to national regulators, multilateral bodies and regional policymakers for future AI governance: (1) require transparent labelling of AI systems, (2) reframe AI as a societal issue, not just a security tool, and (3) embed civil society in AI governance forums. Taken together, these actions would promote a more proactive, equitable and context-sensitive framework for regulating AI globally. These recommendations are particularly timely ahead of the AI Impact Summit, scheduled for February 2026 in Delhi, which will bring global policymakers together to shape an international vision for AI governance that includes FRT