Publikationer från Uppsala Universitet
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Ett ledarskap som sträcker sig bortom det vanliga : Skolledares möjligheter och utmaningar i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden
No full textThis study explores school leadership in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas, focusing on how school leaders address challenges associated with rising violence and other societal issues. The aim was to identify the strengths, challenges, and strategies that characterize leadership in these environments. The theoretical framework draws on Bourdieu's concepts of social fields, habitus, and capital, as well as Northouse's leadership theory to analyze the dynamics of leadership. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and field studies at three schools. The interviewed school leaders, Linda, Kaan, and Kubra, shared insights into the internal strengths and external challenges influencing their work. Strengths include a strong sense of community, trust, and the staff's deep commitment to students' well-being and education. Schools often serve as familial environments and compensate for students' lack of cultural and social capital through activities such as cultural excursions and museum visits. Key challenges include the pervasive impact of crime, which affects students' safety and social lives, alongside language barriers and complex family circumstances that extend the learning curve for many students. The school leaders address these issues through collaborations with external actors such as social services and the police and by building bridges between homes, schools, and broader societal institutions. The study concludes that leadership in these areas requires going beyond traditional responsibilities to foster security and hope, not only for students and their families but for the community at large. It provides insights into how relational and strategic leadership can create opportunities for students in socioeconomically disadvantaged contexts.
Prognostic factors in patients with localized and metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma : A report from two studies and two registries of the Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studiengruppe CWS
No full textBackground The histologic classification of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) as alveolar (aRMS) or embryonal (eRMS) is of prognostic importance, with the aRMS being associated with a worse outcome. Specific gene fusions (PAX3/7::FOXO1) found in the majority of aRMS have been recognized as markers associated with poor prognosis and are included in current risk stratification instead of histologic subtypes in localized disease. In metastatic disease, the independent prognostic significance of fusion status has not been definitively established. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate survival outcomes of patients with localized and metastatic aRMS and its association with fusion status and subtype (PAX3/7::FOXO1, FOXO1 break), and clinical prognostic factors. Methods A total of 470 patients with aRMS ≤21 years of age enrolled in two CWS-trials and two registries was eligible for the analysis. Results The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rates for all patients with localized vs. metastatic tumors were: 56% and 65% vs. 18% and 22%, respectively. Of the 368 (78%) tumors tested, specific fusion was found in 330 (90%), considered “fusion positive” FP (PAX3::FOXO1 in 280, PAX7::FOXO1 in 49, FOXO1 break in 59 tumors). In patients with localized tumors, univariate analysis revealed that clinical group, tumor invasiveness (T1 vs.T2), regional lymph node involvement (N0 vs. N1) and FOXO1 fusion were significantly associated with EFS and OS, tumor size and PAX variant with OS only. In patients with metastatic aRMS, age, bone/marrow (B/BM) metastases, FOXO1 fusion and PAX variant were associated with EFS and OS, T status with OS only. Multivariate analysis identified PAX3::FOXO1 fusion as an independent adverse prognostic factor for EFS in patients with localized disease and for EFS and OS in patients with metastatic disease, B/BM metastases for EFS. Conclusion PAX3::FOXO1 fusion should replace FOXO1 fusion as an adverse prognostic factor in risk stratification. The prognostic relevance of PAX7::FOXO1-positive and FOXO1 fusion negative aRMS, along with the clinical factors described in this report, allows further refinement of risk assessment of patients with localized and metastatic aRMS
An extended Rice model for intergranular fracture
No full textThe plastic events occurring during the process of intergranular fracture in metals is still not well understood due to the complexity of grain boundary (GB) structures and their interactions with crack-tip dislocation plasticity. By considering the local GB structural transformation after dislocation emission from a GB in the Peierls-type Rice-Beltz model, herein we established a semi-analytical transition-state-theory-based framework to predict the most probable Mode-I stress intensity factor (SIF) for dislocation emission from a cracked GB. Using largescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we studied the fracture behaviors of bi-crystalline Fe samples with 12 different symmetric tilt GBs inside. The MD results demonstrate that the presence of GB could significantly change the SIF required for the activation of plastic events, confirming the theoretical predictions that attributes this to the energy change caused by the transformation of GB structure. Both the atomistic simulation and the theoretical model consistently indicate that, the critical dynamic SIF (KcI(t)) at which the dynamic SIF K I ( t ) deviates from the linearity with respect to the strain epsilon, increases with the increasing loading rate. However, the classical Rice model underestimates the KcI(t) due to its failure to consider the effects of localized fields. The present theoretical model provides a mechanism-based framework for the application of grain boundary engineering in the design and fabrication of nano-grained metals
Mellan misstro och förtroende : En studie om polisers perspektiv på förtroende i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden
No full textDenna studie syftar till att belysa polisers uppfattningar om medborgarnas förtroende för polisen i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden. Tidigare forskning visar att allmänheten har generellt högt förtroende för polisen men att förtroendet är något lägre i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden. Bristande förtroende för polisen kan medföra flertalet konsekvenser, däribland en försämrad förmåga för polisen att effektivt verkställa sitt arbete. Syftet med studien är därför att med en kvalitativ metodansats undersöka hur poliser beskriver de hinder som kan uppstå i förtroendeskapandet mellan en medborgare och polis samt vilka strategier som poliserna själva anser är effektiva för att öka medborgarnas förtroende. För att besvara detta intervjuades fem poliser som arbetar i ett eller flera socioekonomiskt utsatta områden i region Stockholm. Samtliga poliser arbetar med medborgare i dessa områden, antingen som ingripande polis eller som områdespolis. Respondenternas uppfattningar analyserades utifrån den institutionella teorin för att bland annat undersöka hur polisen balanserar sitt arbete efter den formella och informella institutionen. Resultatet av den insamlade empirin visar att samtliga poliser anser att medborgarna i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden har ett allmänt högt förtroende för polisen. Poliserna menar dock att vägen till förtroendet är längre i dessa områden än i andra. Samtliga respondenter anser även att bristande kunskap om rättsväsendet och polisen, tidigare erfarenheter av korrumperad polisverksamhet och utanförskapet i dessa områden är hinder i förtroendeskapandet. Genom god dialog och kommunikation med medborgarna, hög närvaro och synlighet i områdena samt ökade resurser tror poliserna att förtroendet kan öka ytterligare.
Reduced theory of symmetric and antisymmetric exchange interactions in nanowires
No full textWe investigate the behavior of minimizers of perturbed Dirichlet energies supported on a wire generated by a regular simple curve gamma and defined in the space of S2-valued functions. The perturbation K is represented by a matrix-valued function defined on S2 with values in R3x3. Under natural regularity conditions on K, we show that the family of perturbed Dirichlet energies converges, in the sense of Gamma-convergence, to a simplified energy functional on gamma. The reduced energy unveils how part of the antisymmetric exchange interactions contribute to an anisotropic term whose specific shape depends on the curvature of gamma. We also discuss the significant implications of our results for studies of ferromagnetic nanowires when Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) is present
Flags, National Identity, and Political Trust : Exploring the Effects of National Identity Priming in Denmark and Sweden
No full textThis study examines the impact of national identity primes on political trust, political distrust, and political mistrust in the context of two democracies with high trust in government: Denmark and Sweden. Using a survey experiment, the respondents were reminded of their national identity through images of their respective national flag where the flag was more or less prominently displayed. The study builds on social identity theory, the common in-group identity model, and Billig's (1995) theory of banal nationalism to underpin the psychological mechanisms behind the effects of the treatments. The findings show that the image with a more subtle display of the national flag decreased distrust and mistrust in politicians in Sweden, while also increasing trust in institutions. Neither treatment had a statistically significant effect in Denmark. By focusing on the political dimension of trust, this thesis highlights the role of national identity in shaping attitudes towards politicians and political institutions in a stable democracy such as Sweden.
Simulating radio emission from particle cascades with CORSIKA 8
No full textCORSIKA 8 is a new framework for simulations of particle cascades in air and dense media implemented in modern C++17, based on past experience with existing codes, in particular CORSIKA 7. The flexible and modular structure of the project allows the development of independent modules that can produce a fully customizable particle shower simulation. The radio module in particular is designed to treat the electric field calculation and its propagation through complex media to each observer location in an autonomous and flexible way. It already allows for the simultaneous simulation of the radio emission calculated with two independent time-domain formalisms, the "Endpoint formalism"as previously implemented in CoREAS and the "ZHS" algorithm as ported from ZHAireS. The design acts as the baseline interface for current and future development for the simulation of radio emission from particle showers in standard and complex scenarios, such as cross- media showers penetrating from air into ice. In this work, we present the design and implementation of the radio module in CORSIKA 8, along with validation studies and a direct comparison of the radio emission from air showers simulated with CORSIKA 8, CORSIKA 7, and ZHAireS. We also present the impact of simulation details such as the step size of simulated particle tracks on radio-emission simulations and perform a direct comparison of the "Endpoints"and "ZHS"formalisms for the same underlying air showers. Finally, we present an in-depth comparison of CORSIKA 8 and CORSIKA 7 for optimum simulation settings and discuss the relevance of observed differences in light of reconstruction efforts for the energy and mass of cosmic rays
Social Capital in Flux : Political Mobilization, Trust Recalibration, and Civic Engagement in Post-Soviet Societies
No full textThis thesis investigates how major political events reshape social capital in post-Soviet societies, with a focus on institutional trust and elite-challenging actions. Drawing on data from the European Values Study (EVS) and employing a simplified Difference-in-Differences (DiD) model, it examines the impacts of pivotal events, such as Ukraine’s Orange Revolution (2004) and Euromaidan (2013–2014), Belarus’s 2006 and 2010 protests, and Russia’s 2011–2013 electoral fraud protests. The findings reveal significant variation across regimes, highlighting how democratic mobilizations in Ukraine enhanced trust in reform-oriented institutions and catalyzed civic engagement, while authoritarian regimes like Belarus and Russia constrained these dynamics through repression. This study contributes to social capital theory by integrating political opportunity structures and underscores the importance of comparative analysis in transitional and authoritarian contexts. This study acknowledges the limitations of a solely quantitative approach and proposes avenues for complementing it with qualitative insights
The hidden impact : social isolation and inflammation's role in pancreatic cancer risk among those with diabetes
No full textBackground Pancreatic cancer poses a significant challenge in individuals with diabetes, prompting a reevaluation of established risk factors beyond conventional glycemic control measures. Objectives To explore the complex interplay of metabolic and psychosocial determinants in pancreatic cancer risk among individuals with diabetes, challenging prevailing perspectives and advocating for a comprehensive approach. Methods A total of 21,945 UK Biobank participants with baseline diabetes diagnosis were analyzed. Social isolation was assessed through a questionnaire capturing five factors: household size, social activities, friend/family visits, loneliness, and confiding in others. Incident pancreatic cancer was identified using ICD codes. Baseline characteristics, insulin use, and other relevant factors were analyzed. Hazard ratios and mediation analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between social isolation, inflammation, and pancreatic cancer risk. Results Individuals with high social isolation were more likely to be male, smokers, non-drinkers, and have shorter sleep duration. They also had an increased risk of pancreatic cancer (HR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.12–6.24) compared to those with low social isolation. Mediation analyses highlighted inflammation as a crucial mediator, with the proportion mediated by inflammation being 19.44% for insulin use, 10.34% for smoking, and 8.33% for social isolation. Conclusions Our findings highlight the importance of psychosocial factors in pancreatic cancer risk and underscore the need for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms
Styrning i förändring : En studie av resultatstyrningen av svenska myndigheter och dess utveckling under 2000-talet
No full textThis study examines the development of performance-based management in Swedish public administration between 2004 and 2024, with a primary focus on the period 2019-2024. The analysis focuses on the frequency of performance information requests in 66 central government agencies’ appropriation directives during the time period. The data in the period 2019-2024 is coded as a part of this study and later combined with existing dataset all the way back to 2004. This also enables more explanatory claims about differences that will show both over time and between different agencies. The results reveal a downward trend, reaching the lowest point in 2019, followed by a subsequent upward trend that indicates a return to more extensive management by results. This trend corresponds with the political priorities of trust-based management and later shift during the studied period. In a longer perspective the findings reveal a cyclical trend that also has been a characteristic of management by results in other countries. Political salience is highlighted as a main influence on some agencies whose development stands out. The results also indicate notable variations across different types of agencies, with larger agencies generally subject to more extensive management by results. By combining the number of requests for performance information with agency size, this study can show that at the individual level smaller agencies are actually subject to more extensive management by results than most larger ones. This study therefore both contributes with new empirical data and insights into the research field of government steering and specifically management by results in Sweden but may also offer comparative relevance for other countries with similar administrative systems.